Electronics company LG joined Hedera Hashgraph’s Governing Council on Wednesday, becoming its 14th member.

The addition edges Hedera toward its council’s long-term goal: tap 39 hands-on node runners to govern its enterprise-grade public ledger, Hashgraph.

Hashgraph is an alternative to blockchain platforms with buy-in from Google, IBM, Boeing and University College London among others.

Those attributes add a fresh perspective Hedera’s telecom-heavy and Asia-light council, said Hedera CEO Mance Harmon.

Harmon claims that the Hashgraph beta can handle 10,000 transactions per second – “way faster” than blockchain-based public ledgers running ethereum and bitcoin.

In her resignation email last Friday, Elizabeth Renieris cited ID2020’s opacity, “techno-solutionism,” and corporate influence along with the risks of applying blockchain to immunity passes.

She says the introduction of immunity passes could interfere with people’s privacy, freedom of association, assembly, and movement.

“Blockchain-enabled ‘immunity certificates’ or ‘immunity passports’ for COVID-19, if implemented by public authorities, would have serious consequences for our fundamental human rights and civil liberties,” she writes.

It said these are potential solutions for privacy and identity questions around immunity passes.

But when it comes to the issue of immunity passes, the stake…

The price of bitcoin (BTC) shot above $9,100 Wednesday in high-volume buying at around 10:00 UTC (6 a.m.

Bitcoin trading on Coinbase in May Source: TradingViewSome are more optimistic.

Bitcoin is trading around where it was at the halving,” said George Clayton, managing partner at New York-based Cryptanalysis Capital.

When looking at bitcoin price overlaid with the hashrate, price has stayed steady since the halving.

40,000 BTC in options expiring FridayMeanwhile, the bitcoin options market has an event coming up this week, Singapore-based trading firm QCP Capital wrote in a recent market update.

Mati Greenspan, founder of Quantum Economics, took no more than five minutes in answering the CoinDesk Confessional survey.

This quixotic questionnaire is designed to reveal the cryptic crypto thoughts, feelings and insights of our industry leaders.

A variation on the Proust Questionnaire, popular during the end of the 19th century for its sense-making ability, we hope this series also reflects something of our own transformative age.

Get in touch if you’d like to take the hot seat.

One word on how you got into crypto?

The “Rational Optimist” author gives his take on the economic history and possible futures of prosperity’s most important driver: innovationTwenty-one different people can reasonably claim to have invented the light bulb, but Thomas Edison is the one we know about.

According to Matt Ridley, it was because Edison was the progenitor of an “innovation factory” that didn’t just create things but brought them to market in a way no one else did.

Innovation is one of the most important forces in the economy, and arguably the most important driver of human prosperity over the last century.

Yet, for most of its life, it has been viewed as some strange exogenous force, rather than as a discipline tha…

Goldman Sachs held an investor call Wednesday to discuss current policies for bitcoin, gold and inflation in the context of the COVID-19 crisis.

The stalwart investment bank is still no fan of bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies.

In the call materials, Goldman note that while cryptocurrencies like bitcoin “have received enormous attention,” they “are not an asset class.”Why?

“It’s like they didn’t fully diligence the asset.”Goldman’s cash flow argument was particularly odd to Tom Masojada, co-founder of OVEX Digital Asset Exchange.

With this, Goldman inferred that cryptocurrencies as a whole “are not a scarce resource,” according to the presentation.

If that doesn’t convince you, it pays homage to Sergei Mavrodi, once the world’s most notorious Ponzi scheme operator.

Versions of Mavrodi’s MMM scheme operated across the globe between the early 1990s until his death in 2018.

What differentiates MMM BSC from previous Ethereum Ponzis is that it doesn’t use ETH as its currency.

Thanks to the transparency of the Ethereum blockchain, we can learn plenty of details about the apparent MMM BSC Ponzi.

Many of the members of the MMM BSC scheme are located in relatively undeveloped African, Asian and Latin American countries.

Top ShelfBase-Layer TechGoogle is teaming up with Theta Labs to help the video delivery network onboard users through Google Cloud.

As part of the partnership, the tech giant is assisting Theta with its Mainnet 2.0 launch, and will become the platform’s fifth validator.

Financial InnovationBrazilian retailer Via Varejo has purchased the Boston-based fintech startup Airfox to provide financial services for underbanked Brazilians.

The self-service retirement platform allows investors to hold stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and digital assets in one tax-advantaged account.

“Data privacy regulations have begun emerging in recent years, but these reactive measures simply cannot guarantee ou…

“The fall back in transaction fees are related to a normalized transaction activity and recent mining difficulty adjustment, which occurs around every two weeks,” said Wayne Chen, CEO of Interlapse Technologies and founder of virtual currency platform Coincurve.

Transaction fees are determined by the state of the network (how congested it is) and the size of the transaction.

If the number of transactions exceeds 1 MB, the network gets congested and miners prioritize transactions with higher fees.

As a result, transaction fees have come off highs seen on May 21.

Block interval time dropsThe recent decline in fees could also be associated with the downward adjustment in the mining difficulty …

While the yuan weakens against the U.S. dollar, Coinbase makes an acquisition to grow its institutional trading infrastructure.

Today’s stories:With historical data suggesting an intermittent correlation, bitcoin traders may do well to keep an eye on the ongoing slide in the yuan, analysts say.

ErisX has released a block trading API for futures contracts and spot market trades to help large traders.

Crypto exchange Coinbase is finally acquiring Tagomi, a prime brokerage platform specializing in digital asset trading for institutional clients.

Via Varejo snapped up the Boston-based firm to further its aim of providing financial services to millions of unbanked Brazilians.

Blockchain meets basketball in the newest game from the developers of CryptoKitties.

Dapper Labs’ NBA Top Shot has launched into private beta following the game’s initial product announcement in July 2019.

NBA Top Shot is also the first Dapper Labs game built on top of the team’s new custom blockchain, Flow.

Tedman said the new chain gives the game higher throughput and consistency, a valuable product given Dapper Labs product history.

“The main premise of the mobile game is a manager-style game where you’re kind of creating the strongest team you can,” Tedman said.

The total number of bitcoins held in cryptocurrency exchanges wallets dropped to an 18-month low to just above 2.3 million on Monday, according to data estimates from Glassnode.

The decline marks an 11% year-to-date reduction in the number of bitcoins held by exchanges.

Meanwhile, over the same period, the amount of ether in exchange wallets increased by more than 7%.

Others see bitcoins leaving exchanges for a reason completely unrelated to strong-willed, die-hard investors, however: the rise of prime brokers.

Tagomi, a digital asset prime brokerage, was also recently acquired by Coinbase in the San Francisco-based exchange’s bid to expand its institutional trading service.

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Plaintiffs in the Kleinman v. Wright lawsuit have filed a new motion in support of their previously filed sanctions motion, arguing a list of unclaimed bitcoin addresses and blocks he submitted to the court is fraudulent. They have asked the court to issue case-terminating sanctions which would include imposing a judgment against Wright for bad […]

The post Plaintiffs in Craig Wright case present new evidence that he fabricated his list of Bitcoin addresses and blocks appeared first on The Block.

Quick Take Argent is a leading smart contract mobile wallet backed by venture funds, Index Ventures and Paradigm

The Block reviews user activity data across Argent’s life to date

Quick Take In the early 1980s, a high-school student created the first viral computer virus

This is the history of the Elk Cloner

Goldman Sachs analysts are not buying the idea that bitcoin — or any cryptocurrency — should be seen as a worthwhile investment for the firm’s clients. During a client-facing call on Wednesday, the investment bank presented a case that cryptocurrency is not a viable investment vehicle under the current economic environment. “Cryptocurrencies including bitcoin are […]

The post Goldman Sachs says bitcoin is not a viable investment for client portfolios appeared first on The Block.

Just two weeks after Ethereum-based marketplace Zora created a sensation in the crypto community with its tokenized cassette tapes, a similar company, called Foundation, has now launched its own art market. Like Zora, Foundation helps artists issue ERC-20 tokens that represent their works. Users purchasing the tokens can either redeem them later to receive the […]

The post Former Dharma and Harbor employees launch Ethereum-based art marketplace appeared first on The Block.

Ren, a company developing aa protocol for private transactions between blockchains, has launched its core product: A network aimed at connecting the Ethereum blockchain — and the world of decentralized finance (DeFi) — to other popular chains.

The post Ren’s new network bridges Ethereum with Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, and Zcash appeared first on The Block.

BitGo is throwing its hat in the prime broker ring with the launch of BitGo Prime.

The post BitGo launches BitGo Prime, aiming to bridge crypto lending, custody and trading for institutions appeared first on The Block.

Crypto exchange unicorn Coinbase has acquired the digital asset brokerage Tagomi.

The post Coinbase shakes up the crypto prime broker race with its acquisition of Tagomi appeared first on The Block.

Quick Take Cryptocurrency markets spooked after dormant coins awaken

Facebook rebrands Calibra

Quick Take Since May 12, or ‘Black Thursday,’ the number of stablecoins held on centralized exchanges in our sample has increased by 130%

DAI+SAI has the lowest percentage of its supply on exchanges. Approximately 2.1% of its supply is on exchanges, whereas the next lowest is Paxos at 16.7%

The day after Black Thursday (May 13) was the first time in over ten months that the exchange net flow of all stablecoins was positive

Bitfury announced has announced the launch of an institutional investor program that offers exposure to bitcoin by way of the mining company's data centers.

The post Bitfury announces institutional investor program for mining farms appeared first on The Block.

The Block sat down with John Stein, co-founder of robo advisor firm Betterment, who spoke about the macroeconomic picture in the context of his firm’s clients.

The post Robo advisor Betterment’s CEO says customers are ‘staying the course’ appeared first on The Block.

Polkadot, the blockchain network that was at point valued at $1.2 billion, is now live.

The post Polkadot’s blockchain mainnet is now live, allowing limited access to token accounts appeared first on The Block.

An Ethereum-based service launching publicly today will allow users to convert real-world assets into crypto-assets that can be used to access so-called decentralized financial (DeFi) services. The post How Centrifuge plans to connect real assets with the DeFi world appeared first on The Block.

Two veterans from the traditional finance world are spearheading the launch of a new digital asset marketplace.

The post Crypto exchange launched by former AlphaPoint execs turns pricing model on its head with taker rebates appeared first on The Block.

When the UK went into lockdown, financial trepidation spread into the Bitcoin world, according to a new study released Wednesday by “challenger bank” Revolut.

The London-based fintech analyzed data from 3 million UK customers who use its crypto trading service to buy and sell Bitcoin (BTC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Ripple (XRP), Ethereum (ETH) and Litecoin (LTC).

The UK went into full coronavirus lockdown with the British public ordered to stay at home on March 23.

In the second half of March, UK crypto traders bought nearly two-thirds (-58%) less crypto per week, Revolut said.

Bitcoin dominationThroughout the lockdown period, Bitcoin (BTC) dominated purchasing habits, with a total 51% share of …

Crypto-friendly web browser Brave has announced that private and unlimited video calls can now be made on its platform.

Brave wrote on Twitter that video conferencing is now available on Brave Nightly, the testing and development version of the browser.

Known as Brave Together, the platform allows end-to-end encryption for video calls—but is still in testing mode with incomplete features.

An account is not necessary to use the video conferencing platform but one will need to use the Brave browser.

Calls are not end-to-end encrypted, and Zoom’s privacy policy gives the company rights to collect personal data—even if they don’t have a Zoom account.

The money printing spree has been eyed with skepticism by Bitcoin aficionados and spawned the "money printer go BRRR" meme.

He predicted that would lead to "a flight to wealth-preserving assets"—upping the demand for the dollar, gold, and Bitcoin around the world.

At least "not the inflation we all think about like real-estate prices and food prices."

"I think you're going to see deflation in lots of things, but you're going to see inflation in financial assets," said Yusko.

"I think what we're saying is Bitcoin is functionally better than gold and has significant advantages over the dollar in that it's non-sovereign and has fixed supply.

Several Binance users took to protesting outside the address of Binance’s listed Chinese office on May 25, according to a report by Wu Sai Blockchain.

The FTX token controversyThe issue of FTX tokens has kicked up a stir in the Binance community recently.

FTX tokens are a simplified way of adding leverage to a trade—making the potential gains, and risks, greater.

Binance swiftly removed the tokens, liquidating any open positions, with many users having their coins sold at heavy losses.

But protecting users comes first.”Two months later, Binance introduced new tokens that work in the same way, but are operated by Binance itself, instead of FTX.

Binance, the world’s largest digital asset exchange by trading volume, announced today that the BUSD stablecoin will be immediately available for trading on the Kyber Network, including nearly 100 dapps with Kyber integration.

The addition allows users to swap more than 70 ERC20 tokens for BUSD, currently the fifth largest stablecoin by total supply.

BUSD has a total supply of $180 million, outpacing DAI’s $106 million and Huboi’s HUSD $121 million total.

All competing stablecoins are of course dwarfed by Tether, with a total supply of more than $5.7 billion.

Paxos helped ensure the stablecoin was approved by the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS), and also supports the…

The crypto community weighed into the social media censorship debate on Wednesday after President Donald Trump was fact-checked on Twitter.

Twitter then posted a label under the tweet, offering facts about mail-in ballots—hinting that what President Trump had said was misleading.

Gab—a “free speech social network” that wants to rival Twitter—recently decentralized its network, and has grown in users.

The platform today responded to President Trump, telling him to “Get on Gab and speak freely” after he wrote he would take action against the platform.

Meanwhile, crypto-based social media platform Minds is also reportedly growing its user base, particularly in Thailand.

Developers built more than 100 projects in ETHGlobal’s DeFi-focused hackathon in the past 30-days.

We’ll touch on a few of submissions along with these projects’ wider implications on the DeFi landscape.

What The Frac allows creators to issue a fixed amount of “Fracs” which are claimable by those who contribute to the Balancer Pool.

At the end of an auction, the winning bidder deposits Dai to the Balancer pool to unlock the NFT.

By leveraging an Aave-specific Balancer pool, users can contribute and manage liquidity in a permissionless fashion, with top donors being signalled via a leaderboard for their Yield philanthropy.

Blockchain-based streaming video platform operator Theta Labs announced that it has added Google Cloud as a network validator alongside today’s Theta Mainnet 2.0 launch.

Google is the latest company to join Theta’s Enterprise Validator Program, which also includes Binance, Blockchain Ventures, and Japanese company gumi Cryptos.

Thanks to the partnership, any Google Cloud user can now deploy a Theta node via the Google Cloud Marketplace.

“Distributed ledger technology enables new business models that potentially transform the global digital economy, including the media & entertainment industry,” said Google Cloud Developer Advocate Allen Day, in a release.

Guardian Node operators can stake T…

The tech titans have sought to explain away these latest swipes at the citadel of free speech.

The cryptocurrency industry, often portrayed as a scammer haven, is an obvious target for social media censorship across all social media platforms.

Social media platform’s policies towards cryptocurrency companies have often been uneven.

The social media platform said its vision was for a new frontier: a free and fair Internet.

The social media giants know that the battle isn’t really about spam or fraud.

A new liquidity protocol is bringing Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Zcash to the Ethereum ecosystem.

Ren announced today their decentralized finance (DeFi) product RenVM is live on the Ethereum mainnet.

RenVM enables private, permissionless value swaps between blockchains, using a decentralized set of programmatic custodians to transfer assets without a centralized authority.

RenVM will initially bring BTC, BCH, and ZEC to the Ethereum blockchain, providing groundbreaking liquidity between blockchains using smart contract technology.

However, RenVM is a fully decentralized protocol for performing these types of value transfer as opposed to the WBTC implementation that relies on trusted third par…

Just last week, an age-old amount of 50 Bitcoin was moved, coins that were mined in Bitcoin’s first month of existence.

This kicked up a stir, over rumours that Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous inventor of Bitcoin, may have moved them.

These rumours were swiftly quashed, but it looks like this isn’t the only old Bitcoin that may still be active.

All the Bitcoin held in those addresses was mined in either 2009 or 2010 and hasn’t moved since.

The analysis found that every single address contains the original 50 bitcoin reward mined in the Satoshi-era.

CryptoKitties developer Dapper Labs has pivoted in a big way for its latest project: NBA Top Shot, an officially licensed, blockchain-driven collectible game featuring tokenized highlights from basketball’s greatest stars.

They’re multi-faceted, animated widgets of sorts that include video highlights, official NBA photography, stats provided by league partner SportRadar, and additional context.

The moments can also be used in an upcoming free-to-play mobile game, NBA Top Shot: Hardcourt, which is expected to begin beta testing this summer.

NBA Top Shot will use the very same blockchain, which Tedman suggested helps minimize friction for incoming NBA fans who may not be familiar with blockch…

Today, Goldman Sachs, one of the world's largest investment banks, will be holding a conference with investors discussing the current state of the economy, inflation, and Bitcoin among other things.

But despite the hype, it appears Goldman Sachs isn't likely to discuss Bitcoin favorably to its investors.

According to an image shared by Coindesk's Zack Voell on Twitter, Goldman Sachs has outright slammed cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, stating plain and simply "cryptocurrency including Bitcoin are not an asset class."

The slide also throws cold water on hopes that Goldman Sachs may be planning to expose its investors to Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

Perhaps Goldman Sachs has a point.

Bitcoin (BTC) has just surged by more than $250 in the last three hours to reclaim the $9,000 price point.

Bitcoin is now trading at $9,157—up by four percent since yesterday as a result of a sudden increase in trading volume.

Bitcoin has repeatedly failed to hold $9,000, but is still in the green post halving.

However, two weeks after the third halving event, Bitcoin is now trading at three percent above its peak price on the day of the halving.

Yet sentiment about Bitcoin is down, the number of tweets about Bitcoin has dropped and the number of Bitcoin transactions are also falling.

A Reddit user has lost $1,200 worth of Ethereum after he accidentally left his wallet’s recovery phrase in a GitHub repository, an online file storage area.

“A hacker got my mnemonic and stole $1,200 in ethereum from my Metamask wallet in under 100 seconds.

Essentially, they are “the last line of defense” alongside private keys (the password that lets you spend coins).

In short, you shouldn’t upload your private keys or seed phrase on public, open-source repositories such as GitHub—or anywhere else that's public for that matter.

Time to start looking after those private keys.

“World’s first” Bitcoin 401(k) plan from Bitwage launchingMarking a “world’s first”, crypto payroll company Btiwage said it successfully trialed its bitcoin 401(k) employee pension account and would start offering the plan to companies – especially those trying to meet the 75% payroll requirement in the federal Paycheck Protection Program (PPP).

The PPP has proven to be a lifeline for U.S. businesses struggling in the coronavirus pandemic.

A total of $660 billion has been lent out nationwide by the Small Business Administration (SBA).

To incentivize staff retention, the program offers 100% loan forgiveness if employers spend at least 75% of funds received on payroll expenses.

Bitfury launching program to allow institutional investment in mining farm operationsOne of Bitcoin’s oldest mining companies is now giving accredited investors around the world alternative exposure to Bitcoin.

Bitfury, a Bitcoin mining and hardware company, is launching an institutional investor program, which will give high-net-worth individuals and firms an alternative investment vehicle to gain exposure to Bitcoin.

Bitfury said investment vehicles like this are necessary for building out a robust and mature market structure to give high-net-worth investors a form of exposure to Bitcoin that they are comfortable with.

Samsung’s newest security chip solution designed to protect cryptocurrency transactionsThe giant South Korean multinational tech company, Samsung Electronics, introduced its newest security chip solution today.

It’s designed to protect personal data and fintech activities, including mobile banking and cryptocurrency transactions.

The latest standalone turnkey security solution chip from the tech giant is Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level (CC EAL) 6+ certified, which is the highest level acquired by a mobile component.

Tencent is pouring $70B into new tech including blockchainThe creator of popular messaging service WeChat, Chinese internet giant Tencent is investing 500 billion yuan ($70 billion) into “new infrastructure” based on emerging technologies like blockchain over the next five years.

In an interview with state media Tuesday, Dowson Tong, Tencent’s senior executive vice president, confirmed the company had also earmarked investment for sectors such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, blockchain, servers, big data centres, supercomputer centres, internet of things, operating systems, 5G networks and quantum computing

Chinese congress reviews national blockchain fund billA bill to create a specialized national blockchain fund was submitted to China's congress during the annual 'Two Sessions'.

Jieqing Tan, a deputy to the National People’s Congress (NPC) of China, proposed the creation of a specialized blockchain development fund to the NPC.

The NPC is China’s most powerful legislative body; therefore, the possible acceptance of the proposal could be big news for China’s blockchain industry.

During the NPC’s annual “Two Sessions”, roughly 3,000 delegates from across the country meet to submit legislative proposals.

These meetings have been ongoing since Friday, May 22nd.

Coldplay bassist backs Zumo app that allows buying Bitcoin without a Bank accountZumo, an Edinburgh-based tech start-up backed by Coldplay’s Scottish bassist Guy Berryman, launched an app that allows consumers to spend and exchange Bitcoin online.

Founder and chief executive Nick Jones said “Covid-19 has fast forwarded the move to a cashless society… Zumo allows people to safely exchange, store, send and use their own money online without needing a bank account.”Charles Read, a strategist and adviser to blockchain start-ups including Zumo, said: “I have worked with a lot of blockchain companies and the problem has always been around onboarding new users who aren’t technical.

Zumo has all th…

More Bitcoin transactions obfuscated this month than ever before, 70,000, using CoinJoin privacy strategyA privacy strategy known as CoinJoin has been used to obfuscate Bitcoin transactions.

CoinJoin made roughly 70,000 Bitcoin transactions private this month alone, according to open source data from CoinJoin developers.

Wasabi Wallet contributor Max Hillebrand said this is a big deal because it bodes well for privacy-minded Bitcoiners.

Zuckerberg urges EU to outpace chinese model & push digital platforms regulations based on western democratic valuesFacebook founder Mark Zuckerberg called on the European Commission (EC) to regulate online platforms with a Western (Democratic) set of values and leave the Chinese (centralized) model behind.

The framework he referred to is the European Union Digital Services Act expected to be issued later this year.

The document contains a set of safety rules for digital platforms, services, and products.

I just think that that’s really dangerous and I worry about that kind of model spreading to other countries.

I think the best antidote to that is having a clear regulatory framework that c…

Bitcoin stolen in the $72M Bitfinex hack of 2016 just started movingSome of the remaining stash of the $72 million hack of crypto exchange Bitfinex in 2016, is on the move.

Earlier today, 28.3 Bitcoin ($260,000)—originating from a Bitfinex hack four years ago—were transferred to an unknown wallet.

The 2016 hack saw approximately 120,000 Bitcoin appropriated from Bitfinex coffers.

Back then, the price of Bitcoin was around $600—amounting to a total loss of $72 million.

By today's prices, however, the stolen funds are worth upward of $1 billion.

Miner manufacturer Canaan reports $5.6M loss in Q1 after selling machines at 50% offChina-based bitcoin miner manufacturer Canaan reported a net loss of $5.6 million for Q1 2020, even though it had cut down the prices for its hardware by more than half in an effort to sell more machines.

In an earnings report released on Friday, the firm said it incurred R&D expenses worth $5.9 million – larger than in Q1 2019.

Canaan sold 0.9 million terahashes per second (TH/s) of Bitcoin computing power, which accounts for less than 1% of the network’s current total.

That means Canaan had cut down the prices for its mining hardware sold in the first three months by more than 50% to just $10 per TH/s.

Today is the 10th anniversary of Bitcoin Pizza Day, one of the first known purchases using Bitcoin for a good or serviceToday is Bitcoin Pizza Day and this year it's the 10 year anniversary of it.

It has become iconic because "laszlo" offered 10 000 BTC for 2 large pizzas.

At the time that was $40, currently it's worth $91 million.

Bitcoin Pizza Day is also one of the most memorable and earliest known purchases of a good or service using Bitcoin as payment.

Bank of Korea reports that central banks plan on launching their own digital currencies (CBDC)South Korea’s top financial institution, the Bank of Korea, released its analysis on central bank digital currencies (CBDC).

The report indicates that central banks around the world are moving towards CBCDs due to advancements in blockchain technology.

According to the report, titled “Overseas CBDC Progress Report”, South Korea’s central bank conducted research and analysis on the CBDC projects of 14 central banks and found a decline in the use of fiat currency, and an adoption of distributed ledger technology (DLT) in payment settlement processes, and these are major factors driving the developmen…

French central bank 'successfully' tests blockchain-based digital euroThe central bank of France and Societe Generale have “successfully” tested a blockchain-based digital euro.

Societe Generale issued €40 million (~$44 million) worth of covered bonds as security tokens and then settled them in digital euros.

The central bank said it will run more tests with other players in the following weeks.

House bill under consideration outlines path to US national blockchain strategyA US lawmaker wants the federal government to begin considering a national blockchain strategy.

This week US House Rep. Brett Guthrie (R-Kent.)

introduced a bill calling on the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to survey the prevalence of blockchain technologies across industry, government and the globe.

Bill HB6938, if passed, would give the FTC 2 years to conduct the survey and a further 6 months to advise Congress on what it learned.

Кошелек Calibra, предназначенный для проекта Libra социальной сети Facebook, был переименован в Novi и передан под управление дочерней компании Facebook – Novi Financial.

В заявлении Novi Financial сообщается, что название Novi было придумано как слияние латинских слов «Novus» («новый») и «via» («путь»), а визуальный дизайн логотипа должен показать естественное движение цифровых валют.

Как и прежний разработчик кошелька Calibra, Novi Financial заявляет о своей независимости от родительской компании.

Разработчики сообщили, что кошелек Novi будет доступен как с помощью отдельного приложения, так и в рамках мессенджеров Facebook Messenger и WhatsApp.

Напомним, что, как сообщалось начале марта,…

Швейцарская криптовалютная компания Bitcoin Suisse запустила торговлю золотом, серебром и платиной за пять фиатных валют, а также две основные криптовалюты – BTC и ETH.

29 апреля брокерская фирма Bitcoin Suisse ввела торговлю ценными металлами за швейцарские франки, доллары США, британские фунты, евро и датскую крону.

Компания сообщила, что все драгоценные металлы, доступные для торговли на платформе, хранятся у надежного банковского партнера.

Глава отдела торговли и управления ликвидностью в Bitcoin Suisse Штефан Лютольф (Stefan Lütolf) отметил, что фирма впервые вышла за рамки криптовалют.

Кроме того, в III квартале этого года австралийский стартап Meld Gold планирует запустить платформу …

Центральный банк Индии прояснил свое отношение к криптовалютным компаниям и заявил, что банкам страны не запрещено их обслуживать.

В ответ на официальный запрос о раскрытии информации от сооснователя и технического директора биржи Unocoin Хариша Бау (Harish BV), Резервный банк Индии (RBI) заявил, что не запрещает финансовым организациям обслуживать криптовалютные компании и трейдеров.

Тем не менее, по-прежнему было неясно, могут ли банки обслуживать криптовалютные компании, так как RBI официально не прояснил свою позицию.

В ответ RBI заявил: «На сегодняшний день такого запрета не существует».

В начале месяца несколько индийских криптовалютных бирж составили обращение к RBI с просьбой разъяс…

Управляющий Народного банка Китая (НБК) И Ган сообщил об отсутствии конкретного плана запуска цифрового юаня.

Его успех не означает, что цифровой юань будет официально запущен, так как у разработчиков нет конкретного плана и дат по запуску государственной криптовалюты.

Управляющий НБК подчеркнул, что возможности подобной платежной системы начали изучаться еще в 2014 году, и на сегодняшний день разработчикам удалось создать высокоуровневый дизайн и базовые функции системы, а также провести совместные тесты на наличие дефектов.

Ган добавил, что цифровой юань сформирует благоприятные условия для развития китайской цифровой экономики, так как станет легальной криптовалютой.

Кроме того, бывший п…

В сущности, он бросает величайший вызов правительственному вмешательству в деньги, и в частности центральным банкам, но не обязательно банковскому делу в целом, если его правильно понимать.

Подобно проблеме двойного совпадения потребностей, о которой мы упоминали выше, Сабо говорит о драгоценностях как о средстве отложенной взаимности.

Если понять это, то, пожалуй, вы будете более скептично относиться к применению так называемой технологии блокчейна к чему-либо помимо денег.

И в своей книге Уэрта де Сото приводит примеры кредитной экспансии ещё до появления Федеральной резервной системы (ФРС).

Я считаю, что в первую очередь нужно инвестировать в своё образование по Биткойну.

Королевский технологический университет Мельбурна (RMIT) совместно с IBM, Palo Alto Networks и Stone&Chalk запустит курсы по блокчейну и кибербезопасности для выпускников ВУЗов.

Девятимесячные курсы начнутся уже в октябре 2020 года и должны помочь выпускникам университетов в поиске работы в областях блокчейна и компьютерной безопасности.

А ежегодный рост сферы блокчейна в стране составляет 80%, и нехватка профессионалов в индустрии ощутима уже сейчас.

По мнению главы по блокчейну IBM Australia and New Zealand Руперта Колчестера (Rupert Colchester), выпускники курсов по блокчейну помогут интегрировать технологию в операции компаний.

Отметим, что в Китае планируется запустить полноценный обра…

Биткойн-кит под псевдонимом JOE007, торгующий на различных криптовалютных биржах, предупредил трейдеров о том, что не стоит верить сказкам о будущем традиционных и криптовалютных рынков.

И не важно, что вы видите в балансовых отчетах ведомства».

Ранее JOE007 уже говорил, что объемы торгов биткойном остаются небольшими, а колебания цены вызываются крупными игроками для собственной прибыли.

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Три европейские компании объединились для разработки блокчейн-системы «Паспорт здоровья COVID-19», которая поможет правительствам отслеживать наличие у населения иммунитета к вирусу.

Две французские и одна эстонская компания разрабатывают систему на блокчейне, которая позволит отслеживать количество переболевших коронавирусом людей и уровень коллективного иммунитета, при этом защищая конфиденциальность данных граждан.

Специализирующаяся на безопасности швейцарская компания SICPA и французская медицинская платформа OpenHealth, которая хранит базу данных 20 миллионов граждан страны, также работают над проектом.

«Блокчейн KSI сделает невозможным фальсификацию, и данные о состоянии здоровья в э…

Подразделение финансовой разведки Аргентины настаивает на ужесточении контроля за торговлей биткойном в рамках борьбы с «параллельными биржевыми рынками», которые ставят под угрозу аргентинское песо.

Согласно публикации местного издания El Cronista, Подразделение финансовой разведки страны (FIU) – правительственное учреждение, которое контролирует соблюдение законов о борьбе с отмыванием денег – стремится ужесточить контроль за торговлей криптовалютой.

Как отмечается в публикации, FIU начинает более пристально следить за криптовалютной индустрией в рамках борьбы с «параллельными биржевыми рынками».

Граждане Аргентины активно продают песо за более стабильные иностранные валюты в попытке сохр…

Швейцарское правительство отказалось выдать пособие на 100 млн швейцарских франков ($103 млн) для поддержки криптовалютных компаний в Цуге, которые пострадали от кризиса, вызванного пандемией.

В апреле финансовый директор кантона Цуг Хайнц Таеннлер (Heinz Taennler) предложил, чтобы швейцарские власти выделили около 100 млн франков на поддержку резидентов «Криптодолины», работающих с блокчейном и находящихся на грани банкротства из-за кризиса.

Однако, по данным местных СМИ, федеральное правительство готово выделить для этих целей лишь 15 млн швейцарских франков ($15.4 млн).

Около 80% фирм «Криптодолины» вряд ли смогут получить финансовую помощь в этом году, так как на фоне экономической неоп…

Популярный криптовалютный трейдер и аналитик Скотт Мелкер считает, что сегодняшнее снижение курса биткойна до $8 700 является плохим знаком для «быков».

Скотт Мелкер (Scott Melker) отметил, что на коротких таймфреймах биткойн выглядит перепроданным, но если посмотреть на более длинные временные интервалы, то первая криптовалюта может продолжить снижение.

«На больших интервалах все выглядит плохо хотя на коротких таймфремах я вижу перепроданность и этот канал выглядит интересно.

Я немного купил биткойн с плечом на $8 700 для скальпирования», — написал Мелкер в Twitter.

Делитесь вашим мнением об этой новости в комментариях ниже.

За последние семь дней цена биткойна снизилась на 9.8%, продемонстрировав самое серьезное падение за одну неделю с середины марта.

Несмотря на падение цены количество адресов, содержащих небольшое количество BTC, продолжает расти.

Количество адресов, на которых хранится хотя бы 0.01 BTC, выросло до рекордного максимума.

Согласно данным Glassnode, количество уникальных адресов, на которых находится по крайней мере 0.01 BTC выросло до 8 478 746 в воскресенье.

При этом число адресов с 0.1 BTC и более также выросло до рекордного уровня 3 053 004 адресов в прошлую пятницу.

Что делать с криптовалютой после майнингаМайнинговые пулы: как они работают и что нужно учесть при выбореКак купить майнинговое оборудование и где его разместить?

Как выбрать оборудование для майнинга биткоина в 2020 годуЧто майнить: почему майнеры отдают предпочтение биткоину?

Grayscale Investments удвоила инвестиции в биткоин после халвингаИнвестиционная фирма Grayscale Investments увеличила объемы вложений в BTC в два раза.

Таким образом, объемы инвестиций Grayscale в полтора раза превышают количество добываемых монет.

pic.twitter.com/Br6a4ijuze — Kevin Rooke (@kerooke) May 27, 2020Аналитик отметил, что после халвинга компания нарастила среднесуточный объем инвестиций с 607,62 BTC до 111…

Что делать с криптовалютой после майнингаМайнинговые пулы: как они работают и что нужно учесть при выбореКак купить майнинговое оборудование и где его разместить?

Стартап Ren представил протокол для связи биткоина, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash и ZcashКомпания Ren представила сеть RenVM, связывающую Ethereum с другими популярными блокчейнами, включая биткоин, Bitcoin Cash и Zcash.

Различные DeFi-проекты могут обеспечить взаимодействие их смарт-контрактов с протоколом RenVM и создать интерфейсы для депонирования и вывода renBTC, renBCH и renZEC.

В 2018 году Ren в ходе токенсейла привлек 35 000 ETH (примерно $30,5 млн по курсу на то время).

Подписывайтесь на новости ForkLog в Telegram: ForkLog Live …

Что делать с криптовалютой после майнингаМайнинговые пулы: как они работают и что нужно учесть при выбореКак купить майнинговое оборудование и где его разместить?

Павел Дуров перечислил 10 биткоинов проекту «Взаимопомощь»Создатель мессенджера Telegram Павел Дуров пожертвовал 10 BTC (6,5 млн рублей) благотворительному проекту «Взаимопомощь».

Проект «Взаимопомощь» запущен «Командой Жукова» в начале апреля и направлен на помощь пенсионерам, инвалидам, многодетным семьям.

Напомним, в апреле 2018 года Павел Дуров начал выплачивать биткоин-гранты держателям прокси и VPN.

12 мая Павел Дуров заявил, что Telegram прекратил работу над блокчейн-платформой Telegram Open Network.

Анализ цен криптовалют: нельзя исключать еще одного сильного снижения рынкаО дальнейших возможных сценариях движения цены биткоина и нескольких популярных альткоинов рассказывает ведущий аналитик RoboForex Дмитрий Гурковский.

Ключевым событием для биткоина выступит пробой уровня $9450, что может указывать на продолжение подъема к локальному максимуму.

Хорошим сигналом также выступит и пробой восходящей линии тренда, но пока покупателям удается уверенно от нее отталкиваться.

При этом не стоит исключать еще одного теста сопротивления на уровне $220, и уже от него ожидать отскока и снижения цены.

Не стоит исключать теста верхней границы модели на уровне $215, и только после этого — снижения ко…

Майнинговые пулы: как они работают и что нужно учесть при выбореКак купить майнинговое оборудование и где его разместить?

Как выбрать оборудование для майнинга биткоина в 2020 годуBitmain: Микри Чжан не имеет отношения к компании и его ждет суд, если он это оспоритПроизводитель майнингового оборудования Bitmain уведомил, что совет директоров в прошлом году сместил сооснователя Микри Чжан со всех должностей и готов к подаче исков в ответ на попытки вмешательства в жизнь компании.

🍿 pic.twitter.com/bNTiRyHJVL — Samson Mow (@Excellion) May 27, 2020В компании отмечают, что у Чжана нет полномочий выступать юридическим представителем Bitmain и отдавать распоряжения ее персоналу.

В компании пригро…

Что делать с криптовалютой после майнингаМайнинговые пулы: как они работают и что нужно учесть при выбореКак купить майнинговое оборудование и где его разместить?

Goldman Sachs: биткоин и другие криптовалюты не являются классом активовВедущий банк США Goldman Sachs провел в среду, 27 мая, видеоконференцию с инвесторами, в ходе которой обсуждался и биткоин.

L pic.twitter.com/W5lRyx1L5Y — Zack Voell (@zackvoell) May 27, 2020На одном из них перечислены пять причин, по которым криптовалюты, по мнению Goldman Sachs, не являются классом активов.

Также Зак Воэлл удивлен тем, что Goldman Sachs говорит только об одном пузыре биткоина, хотя в действительности их было пять.

Напомним, ранее стало извес…

Это — очередная статья в рамках серии “Макро”, запущенной совместно с проектом Incrypted, где мы делимся наблюдениями за экономическими реалиями и предлагаем собственный вариант ответа на вопрос “Почему Биткоин?”Улицы немного оживились, бизнесы и производства постепенно готовятся к возобновлению былых темпов. На горизонте появилась надежда. Может, правительства и центральные банки и правда знают, что делают? А все эти горе-экономисты, самоучки со своими устрашающими прогнозами просто злятся, что им не нашлось места в кабинете министров? Может и так, но прежде, чем строить “Наполеоновские планы”, удели 10 минут прочтению этой статьи. Обещаю, что если ты не найдешь ее полезной, я больше не бу…

Модификация фото Пауло КарролоСегодня предлагаю заглянуть в будущее и обратить внимание на то, насколько редким является биткоин. С каждой эпохой производство биткоинов будет замедляться все сильнее, а борьба за монеты лишь ужесточится. Статья, подготовленная @mtc, предлагает взглянуть на динамику появления биткоинов самым что ни на есть глобальным образом.— Tony ₿Взгляд на динамику появления биткоиновЛишь несколько дней назад на майнинг одного биткоина уходило около 48 секунд. Эти вычисления основаны на времени, затрачиваемом на производство полного блока, равного приблизительно 10-и минутам при вознаграждении за блок в 12,5 BTC. 11 мая 2020 года вознаграждение за блок уменьшилось вдвое до…

Счастливого халвинга! Чтобы отпраздновать этот знаменательный день BITCOIN TRANSLATED объявляет КВИЗ-соревнование. Ну а какое может быть соревнование без призов? Чтобы получить крутейшие призы прямиком из вселенной Биткоина, подпишись на наш телеграм канал и ознакомься с деталями конкурса здесь.Итак, мы проводим квиз “Краткая история денег от пещерных людей до сети лайтнинг”. Квиз, как вы уже поняли, посвящен истории эволюции денег и роли Биткоина в современной экономической похлебке.Мы бы хотели выразить особую благодарность всем, поддержавшим нашу инициативу:Coinkite, Hodl Hodl, Top Traders, Incrypted, Goldfoundinshit, PrimeBlock, FSCP, D•News, Age of Crypto, CryptoBotan, The VSE, CryptoL…

Четвертого мая новостное агентство CNBC опубликовало статью, заголовок которой попросту не мог не привлечь внимания ни одного здравомыслящего экономиста. При этом, очередные три ТРИЛЛИОНА долларов уже не кажутся чем-то необычным в соответствии со всеми программами количественного смягчения, повышениями экономических стимулов, выкупами долгов крупнейших корпораций и “вертолетными деньгами”. А что касается подобных заголовков, то они становятся ни чем иным, как очередной историей, вряд ли заслуживающей места на первой полосе.Казначейство США планирует занять рекордные 3 триллиона долларов в этом кварталеУ меня же появилось непреодолимое желание расставить как можно больше точек над “i”, напом…

Перевод эссе Фила Бонелло “The Sovereign Individual” Investment Thesis от 12 ноября 2019 г. переведен биткоинером Tony ₿Информационные технологии влияют на глобальную динамику распространения власти несколькими ключевыми способами:Мгновенное распространение информации снижает коммерческие и юрисдикционные барьеры как для ее получения, так и для передачи. Это способствует росту конкуренции благодаря стимулированию предпринимательства на глобальном уровне.Создание неправительственных цифровых денег уменьшает влияние инфляции и налогообложения. Финансовые сервисы также получают возможность упрощенного выхода на глобальную арену.Шифрование снижает стоимость обеспечения безопасности. Вместе с те…

Особая благодарность Роберту Бридлаву за этот феноменальный твит-шторм.“Я уверен, что мы, как Биткоин-амбассадоры должны говорить на общем языке и избегать эзотерики, чтобы наше послание могло с легкостью проникнуть в ум каждого. Я немного расскажу о Биткоин-вселенной и криптовалютынх активах, орудуя экзотерическими терминами.”Биткоин ~ интернет, альткоины ~ венчурные инвестицииПри взгляде на вселенную криптовалютынх активов, вырисовывается два основных полушария: 1) Биткоин и 2) все остальное, что обычно называют альтернативными криптоактивами, альткоинами или альтами.Биткоин во многом похож на сам интернет, состоящий из стека протоколов с открытым исходным кодом, называемого набором интер…

Перевод оригинальной статьи Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow Cross Asset Model, опубликованной ученым — экономистом PlanB переведен биткоинером Tony ₿“В науке важно не столько получение новых фактов, сколько открытие новых способов мышления” — Уильям Лоуренс БрэггВведениеМодель Stock-to-Flow (S2F) биткоина (BTC) была опубликована количественным аналитиком под псевдонимом PlanB в марте 2019 года.Исходная модель BTC S2F представляет собой формулу, основанную на ежемесячных данных S2F и ценах на актив. Поскольку частные значения индексируются во временном порядке, эта модель является моделью временного ряда. Данная модель вызвала интерес количественных аналитиков по всему миру, и многие подтвердили эффек…

Перевод статьи Фила Гигера 21 Million is Non-Negotiable от 9 апреля 2020 г. подготовлен биткоинером Tony ₿В мире Биткоина слишком давно остается открытым один невероятно острый спор. На первый взгляд, он кажется вполне логичным. Это даже подтолкнуло выдающихся биткоин-разработчиков и исследователей к непредвзятости в плане ответа на следующий вопрос: “сохранит ли Биткоин необходимый уровень безопасности, когда вознаграждение майнерам за добытый блок сойдет на нет?”Запас биткоинов зафиксирован на отметке 21 миллион монет. Монеты выпускаются по предопределенному графику в среднем каждые 10 минут. В первые четыре года майнер, нашедший новый блок, получал 50 BTC, спустя четыре года награда сниз…

ФРС скупает мусор … Биткоин проводит финальную проверку перед взлетомРанее в наших статьях “Ставка ФРС и Биткоин”, “ФРС наносит ответный удар”, “Вертолетные деньги против халвинга Биткоина”, “Биткоин: новая надежда” и “Рынки температурят … Биткоину начхать” мы уже уже копались в макро-трендах . Тем, кто еще не читал эти статьи, советуем взглянуть, так как данный материал является логическим их продолжением, анализирующим сегодняшние события.ФРС выступили с заявлением о вливании еще $2.3 трлн, но на данном этапе инфляция не страшна США; индексы бьют рекорды; человечество уже прошляпило “лучший” исход протекания COVID19; а Биткоин, тем временем, проверяет приборы, готовясь к пробному взлету. …

You’ll probably get lost from time to time, but if I'm doing my job, you’ll still get the gist of it.

Now I'm a partner at a crypto venture capital firm called Dragonfly Capital—meaning in my day job I read a lot of white papers, evaluate technical crypto projects, and decide which ones to invest in.

Those are just APIs, specifications, and libraries—so long as you understand the core ideas behind how they work, you'll be able to figure out the details on your own.

Each lesson will have self-serve assignments tied to the course, both coding assignments and multiple choice questions to test your comprehension.

The term project will be to create your own fully-fledged cryptocurrency.

By analogy, we are currently experiencing a Cambrian Explosion in the field of cryptographic proofs of computational integrity (CI), a subset of which include zero knowledge proofs.

The purpose of this post is to identify the common denominators of all CI systems implemented in code and discuss a few differentiating factors.

Takeaway: symmetric CI systems can arithmetize over any field, leading to greater efficiency.

¹ The term ZKP is often misused to refer to all CI systems, even ones that are not, formally, ZKPs.

To avoid this confusion we use the loosely defined terms of “crypto proofs” and “computational integrity (CI) proofs”.

In addition to scalability, I think we’ll also see privacy integrated into one of the dominant chains in the 2020s.

These crypto startups will have the challenge that all startups have: making something people want.

In the 2020’s, I think we will see cryptocurrency adoption in emerging markets scale to hundreds of millions of users, with at least one country “tipping” so that the majority of transactions in their economy happen in cryptocurrency.

During the 2020’s I think we’ll see the cryptocurrency market structure evolve to more closely resemble the traditional financial world, with these functions being separated out from a legal and regulatory point of view.

By shifting cryptocurrency …

As such, it will become widely recognized as the flag of technology over the course of the 2020s.

To understand this claim, we need to define what "technology" is, what a "flag" would mean in this context, and why Bitcoin would be chosen as that flag.

Bitcoin: an ideological flag and a Schelling pointRecall that not every flag represents a geographical entity.

Bitcoin also becomes a flag in another sense: a rallying point, a Schelling point for an entrepreneurial community.

Bitcoin encodes the values of TechnologyBut when the global tech community rallies around the flag of Bitcoin, what exactly is it getting behind?

Bitcoin is a system that automates the continual discovery of consensus amongst its participants.

Bitcoin seeks to address the root problem with conventional currency: all the trust that’s required to make it work .

There are, unfortunately, many known threats to the privacy of Bitcoin users and as a result, Bitcoin in its current state is far from perfectly fungible.

ConvergenceAny two Bitcoin clients, if they connect to a single honest peer, should eventually converge on the same chain tip.

As an example, Bitcoin ABC broke this principle by instituting a 10 block maximum chain reorganization rule.

And that principle is this: when building mechanisms that decide high-stakes outcomes, it’s very important for those mechanisms to be credibly neutral.

Note that it is not just neutrality that is required here, it is credible neutrality.

Hence, the principle of credible neutrality, must also be augmented with another idea, the principle of efficacy.

Sometimes, this even means that if a credibly neutral mechanism to solve some problem has not yet been found, an imperfectly neutral mechanism should be adopted in the short term.

Credibly neutral mechanisms for solving many kinds of problems do exist in theory, and need to be developed and improved in practice.

States cannot be trusted with absolute power, and power over money is their best weapon in controlling people and spreading misery.

And when we get going about sound money, and the idea that fiat money = misery, therefore cryptocurrencies = freedom and happiness, it just sounds insane to them.

We are not interested in it.”It took smart people years to understand the power of the Internet, and it will take smart people years to understand the power of crypto currencies.

Or any of thousands of other experiments being conducted by smart people trying to do their own thing.

Like the Internet, crypto currencies and other blockchain experiments can be used for good or evil.

In this beginner’s guide to decentralized finance (“DeFi”) we review the following:Stablecoins.

Decentralized lending.

And these smart contract lego pieces can even create completely new concepts that haven’t been explored in the traditional world.

Another potential issue is that the interest rate volatility on many DeFi platforms could make it impractical for someone to participate.

With that said, these hedging methods themselves are in their infancy, and add smart contract risk of their own.

Meanwhile, from the perspective of crypto outsiders (including many people, banks, and governments), anything concerning crypto is scary—no one controls it!—and decidedly not pragmatic.

First, we offered secure and simple crypto storage, which amounted to centrally storing decentralized currency.

Second, we allowed people to purchase Bitcoin and Ether, which meant buying crypto with fiat currency.

And you definitely created more crypto users overall by providing storage capabilities than by offloading that to the user.

Indeed, some advanced crypto users were quick to point out that self-custody is “simple” to do.

The solution then was an encrypted web-browsing protocol for the public internet called HTTPS.

We've developed a conceptually similar solution today for encrypted transactions on a public blockchain, called Zcash.

In a fully shielded Zcash transaction, the timestamp is public, but no information about sender, receiver, or amount is public.

Like HTTPS, fully shielded Zcash transactions prevent eavesdropping and protect financial privacy.

Just as HTTPS became standard on the public internet to protect credit card transactions, we believe strong encryption will in time become standard on public blockchains to protect cryptocurrency transactions.

EncryptionTo understand public-key cryptography, we have to start with what we mean by encryption.

Public keys as identityIn public-key cryptography, a crude but useful analogy is to think of your public key like a username.

This is precisely what makes public-key cryptography feasible as a form of identity.

If those assumptions turn out to be false, it would imply that all of our public-key cryptography were fundamentally broken.

Most of your interactions with public-key cryptography you'll be outsourcing to libraries, so there's no need to get deep in the weeds quite yet.

Okay, so how difficult is it to generate a hashcash PoW with a difficulty level of \(N\) bits?

The first is limiting each hashcash token to a specific email address, so they're not reusable for different recipients.

You can see some Hashcash tokens Adam Back generated on the Hashcash website, such as this one:from hashlib import sha1 sha1(b"0:030626:adam@cypherspace.org:6470e06d773e05a8").hexdigest() # '00000000c70db7389f241b8f441fcf068aead3f0'This hashcash digest has 8 leading zeros in hex, equivalent to 32 leading zeros in binary.

To mitigate this, Hashcash requires the email server to remember any Hashcash tokens received in the last day.

The assignment has two parts: first, you'll be wr…

Merkle trees were invented by Ralph Merkle, one of the forefathers of modern cryptography.

Merkle trees are used widely in many applications, including Git, BitTorrent, ZFS, the Certificate Transparency framework, and of course, pretty much every cryptocurrency.

Merkle trees are also known as hash trees, because they hash data upwards in a tree.

Merkle trees in BitcoinInclusion proofs are a powerful primitive enabled by Merkle trees.

There are many more innovations on Merkle trees that are worth exploring, including proofs of non-inclusion, online updates, and n-ary Merkle trees.

But if you need stronger security (like Bitcoin does), you should use a more robust subset of hash functions known as cryptographic hash functions.

You would not use a cryptographic hash function in a hash map, since cryptographic hash functions pay for their security with worse performance.

Cryptographic hash functionsCryptographic hash functions come with three additional requirements over normal hash functions.

Thus, we know that all hash functions must have collisions—after all, all hash functions have finite output sizes, yet infinitely many possible inputs.

This is why robust cryptographic hash functions are harder to build than normal hash functions.

We don't know who Satoshi Nakamoto was.

Satoshi Nakamoto began coding the first implementation of Bitcoin in C++ in May of 2007.

But mostly, early on, Satoshi Nakamoto himself was the only person running the software and mining coins.

Having slowly distanced himself from the day-to-day of Bitcoin, Satoshi eventually faded away from the project permanently.

There has never been any proof that any individual is Satoshi Nakamoto.

The internet was originally created as a platform to communicate freely, but it soon became a place where people could be monitored, controlled, and censored. 98% of content on the internet is deleted every 20 years. More surprisingly, based on a Twitter study, a third of links change their content fundamentally or are removed completely, within three months of their creation. Arweave is a new data storage protocol that enables economically sustainable permanence for the very first time. Built on a blockchain-like structure called the blockweave, one of the applications on Arweave is what they have coined “the permaweb”. This is an array of data, websites, and decentralised applications, to…

Today, half of the internet is built on top of Amazon S3. Although the cloud has allowed Internet applications to scale, centralized infrastructure means less control over one's own data. And when it goes down, so does half of the internet.Sia CEO David Vorick is back on the podcast to talk about a new product recently released by their team: Skynet. Skynet builds on Sia and enables web applications to be developed and deployed over a decentralized data storage infrastructure. David also shares his thoughts on Trusted Setups, why he thinks they're "busted," and how the crypto industry can create better and more secure Zero-Knowledge primitives.Topics covered in this episode:- What is Skynet…

Decentralized exchanges have been around for some time, and various designs have been attempted. Although they provide a number of privacy and censorship resistance benefits, one of their pitfalls has been transaction throughput. However, recent advancements in Zero-Knowledge Proof-based scaling solutions is creating a new breed of scalable DEXes.Loopring is a non-custodial DEX protocol that achieves high-throughput trading. It leverages ZK-Rollups to achieve upwards of 2,000 transactions per second with on-chain settlement. As an order book-based exchange, it sets itself apart from other DEXes like Uniswap and the Gnosis Protocol. However, users should keep in mind that the orderbook is ce…

Julian Assange, the creator of WikiLeaks, is currently in a maximum-security prison in London facing extradition to the US for violating the Espionage Act. This charge came, among other things, from exposing US war crimes in Iraq. This has put journalists around the world under fear of being prosecuted for exposing the truth. Opinions on Julian Assange are divided, unsurprisingly. But we can assume that a conviction would set a dangerous precedent for journalism, free press, and freedom of speech. John Shipton, Julian's father, is seeking support from the crypto community to help fund Julian's legal defense. Harry Halpin, CEO of Nym Technologies and friend of Julian's, teams up with John to…

Genesis Mining is a leading hash power provider offering cloud cryptocurrency mining as a service. They offer mining for Bitcoin, Zcash, Dash, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Monero and serve over 2 million users in 100+ countries. The company was formed in 2013 and saw tremendous growth in its seven years in operation. In the mining business, process optimization, controlling costs, and vertical integration are key. Crypto prices, difficulty adjustments, hardware availability – all can have an impact on profits. Co-founder & CEO Marco Streng shares how he built his company from the ground up, and is now expanding beyond crypto to address other profitable markets in cloud computing.Topics covered i…

Aave is building a suite of non-custodial DeFi tools that allow users to earn interest on their deposits and borrow assets. Earlier this year, Aave released its Flash Loans feature, which is drumming up a lot of excitement in the ecosystem. Flash Loans have a number of applications like executing liquidations or refinancing and require no collateral on the part of the borrower. As we have seen since they were introduced, they have also been used by malicious actors to exploit vulnerabilities in some DeFi protocols. Nevertheless, this powerful tool is an important “money lego” component that enables various new use cases. Stani Kulechov, Aave Founder & CEO, and Marc Zeller, Integrations Lead…

The Plasma Group was a not for profit research group focussing on layer-2 scaling on Ethereum. Optimism is a new Public Benefit Corporation that builds on the lessons of the Plasma research and is implementing Optimistic Rollups. This solution scales Eth 1.x and offers near-instant transaction finality on Ethereum, while providing over 100x transaction throughput. Jinglan Wang and Karl Floersch, co-founders of Optimism, explain the transition to this new entity and its goals moving forward.Topics covered in this episode:Jinglan and Karl's backgrounds and how they came to work togetherHow the Plasma Group and all of the Plasma research evolved into OptimismFunding of Optimism through Gitcoin…

AZTEC Protocol is a protocol that enables private transactions on Ethereum. At its core, AZTEC is an Ethereum contract, otherwise known as the AZTEC Cryptography Engine. The protocol uses a zero-knowledge proof system, allowing users to effectively create shielded representations of tokens, which can then be sent and redeemed for the underlying token. CEO and CTO, Tom Pocock and Zac Williamson have plans to build AZTEC into a fully functional DeFi stack with which all kinds of trades, swaps, and financial operations will be possible, with privacy.Topics covered in this episode:How Tom and Zac met and founded AZTEC ProtocolWhat AZTEC is and what problem is solvesHow AZTEC enabled transaction…

Ryan Sean Adams is the Founder of Mythos Capital, a crypto fund and staking provider for “big fish” stakeholders. He also writes the popular DeFi newsletter, Bankless. In addition to providing excellent insights about the ecosystem, Bankless takes a very practical approach to leveraging DeFi. Ryan shares strategies and encourages readers to complete action items to utilize the full potential of decentralized finance and become bankless. He also hosts a podcast by the same name with David Hoffman.Topics covered in this episode:Ryan's background as a tech entrepreneur and how he got involved in cryptoLaunching ​Mythos Capital and the thesis behind this fundThe importance of becoming “bankless…

In another of our bonus episodes recorded at EthCC in Paris, we caught up with Jason Goldberg, CEO and Founder of Pepo and Ost, and James Dyer, Co-founder and Head of Product at Decrypt. At the time of recording Decrypt were about to announce they were launching their own token that rewards audience engagement, built on Ost technology. We chatted to Jason and James about this relationship, the problems solved by these monetization models, the link between Pepo and Decrypt tokens, and DeFi, and what the future holds for media and tokens.Topics covered in this episode:Background of Jason and JamesDecrypt's affiiation with ConsenSysThe issues and problems being solved with the respective monet…

What will the World look like when capital is no longer scarce? In his book, World After Capital, Albert Wenger makes the case that technological progress throughout the ages (foraging, agrarian, industrial) brought a change in scarcities. As society transitions from the Industrial Age to the Age of Knowledge, scarcities will also shift – human attention will become our most valued scarce resource.Albert Wenger is a Managing Partner at the VC firm Union Square Ventures. A graduate of Harvard and MIT, he holds a Ph.D. in Information Technology. Before joining USV, he founded several companies in the aughts, and was the President of del.icio.us when the company was sold to Yahoo! in 2005.Topi…

We caught up with Joseph Lubin, Founder of ConsenSys, at this year's EthCC. It has been over a year since he last came on the show, and we wanted to get his take on what has been happening in the ecosystem since then. We talked about the ConsenSys reorganization, interoperability between public and permission blockchains and the opportunities there, government-backed stable coins and the possibilities of nation-states building their own, DeFi and the phenomenal growth in the ecosystem, his predictions for 2020, and thoughts on the challenges facing Eth2.0.Topics covered in this episode:A look back on the past year since we last had Joe on the showThe ongoing ConsenSys reorganistaionJoe's vi…

In this episode we are joined by David Hoffman, Chief of Operations at RealT, a company which tokenizes realestate assets into security tokens. He is also well known for numerous pieces he has written on Ethereum and DeFi and is co-host of the POV Crypto podcast. Hear us as we talk about his writings, how tokenizing real estate assets works, Bitcoin on Ethereum, the feedback loop problem and effects of the USD in DeFi, and a debate on whether Ether is an asset.Topics covered in this episode:What RealT is and how tokenizing real estate assets worksUsing the Uniswap protocol for tradingThe thesis behind David's “Defining Ether as an Asset” postThe crypto-economics economics of Bitcoin on Ethe…

This week we have a special episode on the entire globe's most talked about topic, the Corona Virus. We are joined by guest Ryan Selkis, CEO of Messari. Ryan was one of the first people in the space to start talking about Covid19 and has been very vocal on this subject on Twitter and his newsletter since the crisis began in January. We discuss how this virus has become so deadly and the current health and economic conditions, containment and protecting yourself, how the markets, crypto and startups have been affected, and what is yet to come.Topics covered in this episode:How Ryan become so interested in the Corona VirusThe current global health and economic impact of Covid19The provisions …

This episode was recorded at the third annual Ethereum Community Conference in Paris last week and we were joined by Gonçalo Sá, Co-founder of ConsenSys Diligence, Jérôme de Tychey, President of Ethereum France, and Cassidy Daly, Token Designer at Centrifuge. We discussed the issues surrounding centralization and DeFi in token governance, the security complexities of composability attacks like the ones we saw recently which leveraged flash loans, and of course, the coronavirus.Topics covered in this episode:Gonçalo and Cassidy discuss their talks at the EthCC eventThe current points of interest around centralization in DeFiDefining ecosystem decentralization guidelinesIssues with token gove…

Click to download audio versionAlthough some believe bitcoin mining is a wasteful activity, on today's show we dig into the relative world of constant fuel production, lumpy demand and bitcoin based load balancing.

Although some believe bitcoin mining is a wasteful activity, on today's show we dig into the relative world of constant fuel production, lumpy demand and bitcoin based load balancing.

Click to download audio versionOn today's show we've got a pair of interviews for you.

First we speak with John Cantrell, the author of Juggernaut, a new messaging layer 3 application being built on top of layer 2 lightning network, which is itself built on top of layer one bitcoin.

It's a lot of layers, but as a technological concept currently in beta it's a fascinating project, and we talk about it.

(Juggernaut on Github)After the break we're joined again by Alex Gladstein of HRF.org for a discussion on political expediency in the age of pandemic and what crisis has revealed about various governments, and different types of governments around the world.

- Alex Gladstein, Chief Strategy Of…

Click to download audio versionIn Today's discussion we'll briefly talk about some of the knock-on, or second order affects which the coronavirus disruption is having on our world today, and which may continue into the future.

Then for the meat of the show we'll dig into specific areas where bitcoin could, or perhaps is being improved with the creator of one of the most impactful peer to peer technologies in the world today.

The end of “Bus Mode” for Lyft and UberAutonomous vehicles, grocery deliveries and the last mile problemTampons, cocktail sausages and a very weird monthThis episode is sponsored by eToroA friendly government delivery service?

Is it viable to farm with AWS?

Today's show…

Click to download audio versionIn the aftermath of the so-called "Black Thursday" crash from several weeks ago, MakerDAO's "DAI" ethereum backed dollar pegged stablecoin came untethered and was, for a time at least, functionally insolvent.

In the aftermath, holders of the MKR token which allows holders to participate in governance decisions opted to do a couple of things, including adding the centralized stablecoin USDC to the list of acceptable collateral, which drew both condemnations mostly around centralized risk being added to the system and praise for making the system more robust against sudden ETH collateral price crashes.

Click to download audio versionOn today's episode of Let's Talk Bitcoin we're discussing the coming bailout-everything regime in a topic that's both extremely timely but is also what originally forced many long-term bitcoin enthusiasts to learn about money and become interested in cryptocurrency originally.

And more...Today's episode of Let's Talk Bitcoin!

featured Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Stephanie Murphy, Jonathan Mohan and Adam B. Levine.

This episode was sponsored by eToro.com and featured music by Jared Rubens and Adam B. Levine, with editing by Jonas.

Photo by Tim Foster on UnsplashViews: 3,017

Click to download audio versionOn today's episode we're joined by early investor and entrepreneur David Johnston to discuss:A new "consensus based" alternative to "reserve based", "game theory based", or trusted oracle based StablecoinsThe growing relevance of DeFi even for those who aren't using itJohnston's Law six years later, how far we've come and real reasons for optimism on the decentralized evolution of everything.

Click to download audio versionEarlier this week the Let's Talk Bitcoin!

Show gathered to discuss Coronavirus and its potential impacts or disruptions to the decentralized world of bitcoin.

On today's podcast we discuss Coronavirus and:

Credits for LTB#428This episode of Let's Talk Bitcoin!

This episode featured Stephanie Murphy, Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Jonathan Mohan and Adam B. Levine for a hot minute.

Today's episode was produced by Adam B. Levine, edited by Jonas with music provided by Jared Rubens, From Ether Music and general fuzz.

Would you like to Sponsor a future episode of the Let's Talk Bitcoin!

Email [email protected]

Click to download audio versionOn Today's Show...With the price of bitcoin headed up again, the idea of blockchains and digital currencies has never been more palatable to the mainstream.

Episode Credits:This episode of Let's Talk Bitcoin!

Music for today's episode was provided by Jared Rubens and Gurty Beats, with editing by Jonas.

Would you like to Sponsor a future episode of the Let's Talk Bitcoin!

Email [email protected]Have any questions or comments?

Earlier this week, the Let's Talk Bitcoin!

This episode of Let's Talk Bitcoin!

Link - Yang 2020Later on, we'll dig into the "why" of scams as we begin a longer conversation on the topic.

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Email [email protected] Have any questions or comments?

Just kidding… He shares his thoughts on the recently released Libra whitepaper, as part of a permissioned blockchain project spearheaded by Facebook.

This episode of Let's Talk Bitcoin!

This talk took place on June 19th 2019 at the Scottish Blockchain Meetup in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Original Photo by Anna Tukhfatullina Food Photographer/Stylist on UnsplashThis episode of Let's Talk Bitcoin!

Want to hear more of Andreas’s Live talks?

Earlier this week, the Let's Talk Bitcoin!

This episode of Let's Talk Bitcoin!

But if a user is brand new to the Lightning network, how do they go about receiving their first payment?

- This question has been answered by both ZAP wallet and Phoenix wallet, using different techniques.

Would you like to Sponsor a future episode of the Let's Talk Bitcoin!

Credits for LTB#423This episode of Let's Talk Bitcoin!

Original Photo by Ubaidhulla Adam on UnsplashThis episode featured Adam B. Levine, Stephanie Murphy, and Jonathan MohanMusic for today's episode was provided by Jared Rubens, and general fuzz, with editing by Jonas.

Would you like to Sponsor a future episode of the Let's Talk Bitcoin!

Do you have any questions or comments?

Email [email protected]

Click to download audio versionOn Today's Episode...

show enlisted CoinDesk reporter Leigh Cuen and early cypherpunk Zooko Wilcox for a conversation on the history, challenges and long term development path of early, formative technologies.

This episode featured CoinDesk Reporter Leigh Cuen and Zooko Wilcox.

Music for today's episode was provided by Jared Rubens, and general fuzz, with editing by Jonas.

Email [email protected]Views: 2,193

Click to download audio versionOn Today's Show...We're listening to echoes of the past.

In the midst of the biggest bubble yet, finding ourselves in the "then they laugh at you" phase, and with the china narrative rising for the first time as trade volumes overtook the rest of the world, I was joined by Stephanie Murphy and Andreas M. Antonopoulos in early 2014 for a conversation that is very different, yet somehow the same as we reacted in real time to all-time high prices of $220,But first, In the nearly seven years since we started talking Bitcoin, my favorite segment from my favorite writer is without question, the island of stone bitcoins by then-LTB managing editor George Ettinger.

Bi…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 24: Open Blockchain Development CultureAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and highly sought after expert in Bitcoin and open blockchain technologies.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In this talk, Andreas discusses open blockchain development culture.

Is there a right way to build open blockchain software?

This talk was delivered on December 12th, 2019 for the La Bit Conf Latin American Bitcoin and Blockchain conference in Montevideo, Uruguay.

If you want early-access to talks and a chance to participate in the monthly live Q&As with Andreas, become a patron: https://www.patreon.com/aantonopThis series is called ‘…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 23: One Network, Many ChainsAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “One Network, Many Chains,” Andreas explores why he believes we are headed towards one internet of money, interoperability between many chains satisfying different objectives.

He also discusses cycles of infrastructure and application growth, the value of scarce attention, standardization, and how scaling never ends.

This talk was delivered on October 23rd 2019 for the Blockstack Summit at SFJAZZ Center in San Francisco, California.

This series is c…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 22: Unstoppable Code – The Difference Between Can’t and Won’tAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Unstoppable Code: The Difference Between Can’t and Won’t,” Andreas argues that what is interesting about both Bitcoin and Ethereum is unstoppable code.

Cryptography and decentralized systems are defensive mechanisms to assert and enforce our human rights.

What is the unstoppable code worth running?

This series is called ‘Unscrypted’ for a reason: all of Andreas’ talks are performed without slides or notes.

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 21: Bitcoin’s Origins and the Genesis BlockadeAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Bitcoin’s Origins and the Genesis Blockade,” Andreas recounts the origins of Bitcoin and the meaning of the message that was embedded forever in its genesis block.

Now he focuses on the financial blockade against WikiLeaks and who the banks truly serve, while trying to leave us none the wiser and with no other choices.

This talk took place on August 6th 2018 at ‘The Internet of Money Tour’ at the Hilton Denver Inverness in Colorad…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 20: Investing in Education Instead of SpeculationAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Investing in Education Instead of Speculation,” Andreas explains how education and training in the Bitcoin and open blockchain space can enrich your life in a sustainable way.

Unlike speculating on a basket of crypto-assets and tokens, investing in skills is permanent, transferable across chains, and empowering.

This series is called ‘Unscrypted’ for a reason: all of Andreas’ talks are performed without slides or notes.

Monthly…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 19: Bubble Boy and the Sewer RatAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Bubble Boy and the Sewer Rat,”Andreas delivers a whimsical security analysis of the open, public and decentralized Bitcoin system, compared to the closed, proprietary and centralized alternatives.

He argues that the strategy of security by isolation has consequences for the ability of any computer system to build immunity.

While it may not be pretty, being constantly exposed and attacked in the wild open internet will help Bitcoin achieve censo…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 18: Bitcoin and the Banks – Five Stages of GriefAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Bitcoin and the Banks: Five Stages of Grief,”Andreas examines the rise of “Blockchain” as an attempt by the banking status quo to dilute the disruptive potential of Bitcoin by removing its most interesting features.

He argues that this is one symptom of a multi-stage grief process that banks will inevitably transition through as they try to come to terms with Bitcoin and the new open blockchain ecosystem.

This talk was delivered…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 17: Bitcoin, Payment Security, and Consumer ProtectionAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Bitcoin, Payment Security, and Consumer Protection,” Andreas advocates that regulators adopt a ‘wait-and-see’ approach towards Bitcoin, so as to not hamper the potential of its most innovative features.

He also criticises the insanity of the current fragmented systems of payment, breaks down why they fail at consumer protection, and how with Bitcoin we can expect better.

This talk was delivered on November 24th 2014 at the…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 16: One of a Kind – Why Bitcoin is ‘The Next Bitcoin’Andreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

He also tells the story about how he bought bitcoin for the first time, why it is not the get-rich-quick scheme you may think it is, and the ways they could fail.

This talk took place on July 12th 2019 at the Athens Bitcoin and Blockchain Tech meetup in Athens, Greece.

This series is called ‘Unscrypted’ for a reason: all of Andreas’ talks are performed without slides or notes.

Become a patron: https://www.patreon.com/aantonopBOOKS:MASTERING BITCOIN, 2nd Edition: https://amzn.to/2xcdsY…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 15: Outside the Golden Cage of BankingAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Outside the Golden Cage of Banking,” Andreas covers the history of financial regulation in the United States, and how banks became the cop of last resort in countries around the world.

In the last episode, he prompted you to think about combating the politics of fear.

Finally, he argues that Bitcoin will thrive outside the golden cage of the banking cartel.

This series is called ‘Unscrypted’ for a reason: all of Andreas’ talks are perform…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 14: Bitcoin – A Swiss Bank In Everyone’s PocketAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Bitcoin: A Swiss Bank in Everyone’s Pocket,” Andreas examines the morality of technology and the politics of fear, including former President Barack Obama’s infamous statement that broad adoption of cryptography and cryptocurrencies would be like having “a Swiss bank account your pocket.” In the last episode, he questioned the viability of Facebook’s Libra project.

Once we equip more people around the world with the equivalent of…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 13: Libre Not Libra – Facebook’s Blockchain ProjectAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Libre Not Libra: Facebook’s Blockchain Project,” Andreas answers the burning question… Has he tried haggis?

Just kidding… He shares his thoughts on the recently released Libra whitepaper, as part of a permissioned blockchain project spearheaded by Facebook.

Now he makes us wonder whether Libra will even survive to become a production network.

This series is called ‘Unscrypted’ for a reason: all of Andreas’ talks are performed…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 12: The Killer App – Bananas on the Blockchain?

Andreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “The Killer App: Bananas on the Blockchain?” Andreas focuses on the two main killer apps in the open blockchain ecosystem: sound money and governance.

He argues that their failure to consider the broader needs of the other six billion people.

This series is called ‘Unscrypted’ for a reason: all of Andreas’ talks are performed without slides or notes.

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 11: Universal Access to Basic FinanceAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Universal Access to Basic Finance,” Andreas advocates for protecting and expanding access to universal basic finance.

He also declares that those who develop surveillance infrastructure have exhibited moral bankruptcy and should face a period of scrutiny over their ethical integrity.

This series is called ‘Unscrypted’ for a reason: all of Andreas’ talks are performed without slides or notes.

iTUNES: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/un…

UN SCRYPTEDEpisode 10: Another Brick in the FirewallAndreas M. Antonopoulos is a best-selling author, speaker, educator, and one of the world’s foremost bitcoin and open blockchain experts.

Follow on Twitter: @aantonopWebsite: https://aantonop.com/In “Another Brick in the Firewall,” Andreas discusses the new security architecture that we have developed within globally-connected societies and open networks of the information economy.

This talk took place on June 7th 2019 at the We Are Developers conference in Berlin, Germany.

This series is called ‘Unscrypted’ for a reason: all of Andreas’ talks are performed without slides or notes.

Monthly live Q&As with Andreas?

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Jimmy Song (Bitcoin educator, entrepreneur and developer) and Alex Gladstein (CSO of Human Rights Foundation) join me in this episode to talk about their fantastic new book, The Little Bitcoin Book.

This is the perfect short book to give your precoiner friends!

It has succinct explanations on why bitcoin is important.

Listen to this episode to learn more about how this book came together, what the authors are hoping to achieve, and if you like it - then make sure you buy copies of the book to give to your friends and family.

Links: The Little Bitcoin Book website: http://littlebitcoinbook.com/ The Little Bitcoin Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com.au/Little-Bitcoin-Book-Matters-Finances-…

Changpeng Zhao, aka CZ, cofounder and CEO of Binance, and I kicked off the Ethereal Virtual Summit with a fun fireside chat!

He talked about Binance’s current operations, its plans for the future, and the crypto industry as a whole.

He explains:Why he thought the questions I asked him in our first interview were misleadingWhether Libra’s new plans are affecting Binance’s strategy for VenusWhat impact China’s DCEP will have on cryptoWhy the confluence of circumstances caused by COVID are a “perfect storm” for crypto, and how this will affect crypto in the long-termWhether the Binance Smart Chain will leech away Ethereum developers and usersWhy he thinks competition in the industry only grows…

Amanda Fabiano, director of Bitcoin mining at the Fidelity Center for Applied Technology, and Christopher Bendiksen, head of research at CoinShares, discuss the third Bitcoin halving, which occurred hours before the publication of this episode.

They discuss:the significance of the halvingwhat effect it could have on price and what Amanda and Christopher think of Dan Morehead’s projection that it could reach $115,000 next yearhow macroeconomic events like the coronavirus and quantitative easing could impact uptake of Bitcoinhow the halving could affect miners and hash ratehow the halving could influence the environmental impact of Bitcoinwhy mining was the first activity Fidelity pursued wit…

Dan Guido, cofounder and CEO of Trail of Bits, and Taylor Monahan, founder and CEO of MyCrypto, discuss all the recent hacks in DeFi, how it can be made more safely and who is responsible.

We tackle:the Hegic security incident: whose responsibility it was to make sure the contract was secure — the auditor (Trail of Bits) or the team (Hegic) — what Trail of Bits was saying in its audit summary, and how to read between the lines of an audit summaryhow long an audit should beupgradeability: particularly around when more advanced technology and contracts interface with older technology/contractscentralization vs. decentralization: whether contracts can be made safely while maintaining adhering …

Matt Luongo, CEO of Thesis, the parent company of Fold and Keep, describes the just-launched tBTC, his plan for a censorship-resistant Bitcoin-Ethereum bridge.

He also discusses the economics behind tBTC-backed tBTC, his vision for DeFi, how tBTC could buffer an ETH crash, and the reasoning behind minimal governance mechanisms — playing into why institutions trust BTC more than ETH.

Plus, he contrasts the Bitcoin and Ethereum communities and talks about the possibility of tBTC2.0.

Thank you to our sponsors!

Crypto.com: https://crypto.com/Kraken: https://www.kraken.comEpisode links:Matt Luongo: https://twitter.com/mhluongoThesis: https://thesis.co/Keep: https://keep.network/Fold App: https:/…

We cover why they think crypto in the age of COVID-19 will see new opportunity, and when there will be a recovery of the larger economy.

They also share, from an investor standpoint, their growing conviction in Bitcoin due to its long-term value proposition compared to other chains like Ethereum.

You know what we’ve been doing over the internet, paying for things with credit cards and you know that’s kluegy and there are all kinds of security risks and what were we thinking.

So the store of value certainly and this reserve currency role, there is no more important role for many and there’s nothing more viral than a reserve currency when you’re talking about currency markets.

I also have you…

Desde el 21 de Diciembre de 2001 hasta el 1 de Enero de 2002 hubo 5 presidentes en el país.

Tu dinero en el banco, o en manos del gobierno, no es tu dinero.

Este fue el lanzamiento adecuado, el que el ecosistema esperaba durante tanto tiempo.

Es un riesgo que los titulares de MKR conocen y los insta a actuar responsablemente, mantenerse informados, participar y votar.

En cuanto a mí, creo plenamente en el sistema, la Fundación y la comunidad.

My JourneyMy journey with cryptocurrencies started in 2014 out of necessity to control my own money.

The Bitcoin EraNow, Bitcoin was already a thing in Argentina, it just wasn’t my thing.

Being backed only by Ether, Sai is still very vulnerable to black swan events.

It has to manage not one, but two different assets used as collateral for generating Dai: Ether and Basic Attention Token (BAT).

Because of the collateral auction shortfall, the Maker System would need to recover approximately 5.4 million Dai.

Kyle Samani of Multicoin Capital reads from his essay on how defensible each of the major DeFi protocols on Ethereum are, and what that says about Ethereum’s defensibility.

Since then, the DeFi ecosystem on top of Ethereum has blossomed: utilizing a couple dozen DeFi protocols, users have withdrawn a few hundred million dollars of debt that’s fully collateralized against an even larger pool of capital.

In this essay I’ll consider the 1) effort, and 2) capital required to fork each of the major DeFi protocols.

There are a few teams that are working on stablecoin clearinghouses, including DeFi protocols such as StableCoinSwap, and Shell; and centralized clearing houses such as Stablehouse.

In…

CipherTrace: https://ciphertrace.comCrypto.com: https://crypto.com/Kraken: https://www.kraken.comTranscript:Why Decentralization Isn’t as Important as You ThinkIf you’ve spent any time at all on crypto Twitter, you’re familiar with the web3 narrative.

People lose their common sense when it comes to the oracle problem, so it’s a good place to reality-test.

I don’t think it’s because it’s the “most decentralized.” I think the real answer is simple: reputation.

Decentralization is not a binaryBut here’s another problem with asking whether something is “truly decentralized”: decentralization is not a yes-or-no question.

Only you know how much decentralization you need, and any more decentraliza…

About this EpisodeIn this week's episode, Anna interviews three people from the Tezos community: Jacob Arluck (co-founders TQ ), Marc Bernardo and Marco Stronaty (both from Nomadic Labs).

They chat about the Tezos origin story, the development of the PoS system, the governance of Tezos, and how they are incorporating zk proofs - and specifically Sapling from Zcash - into their system.

Trail of Bits has partnered with Johns Hopkins University to supply vulnerability researchers with software that can produce ZK proofs of exploitability.

This is part of a larger effort funded by DARPA, called SIEVE, to push forward the state of the art in zero-knowledge proofs.

https://forms.gle/iKMSrVtcAn6BB…

About this EpisodeIn this episode, we chat with Molly Mackinlay, Project Lead for the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) at Protocol Labs.

We talk about her journey to Protocol Labs, as well as take a deeper view into IPFS, LibP2P, Bitswap, Testground, the use cases and projects working with these tools, and the specific upgrades they have made with the recent 0.5 IPFS release.

We cover:the importance of distributed testing infra to facilitate enterprise adoptionhow UX and simple tooling plays into the developer upgrade paththe path to decentralisation and the importance of building bridges to the Web2 worldIn preparation for this ep, it might be useful to check out our episode last fall wit…

About this EpisodeIn this week's episode, Anna catches up with Kenny Paterson, Professor of Computer Science and Lead of Applied Cryptography Group at ETH Zurich.

The goal of the episode is to take a deeper look at DP-3T and privacy preserving contact tracing research in Europe generally.

They cover his work at ETH Zurich, discuss how the DP-3T project came to be, look at risks facing contact tracing protocols generally, and discuss why putting privacy and decentralisation at the heart of these types of protocol is so important.

A few of the topics we cover:If you like what we do:Follow us on Twitter - @zeroknowledgefmJoin us on TelegramGive us feedback!

https://forms.gle/iKMSrVtcAn6BByH6AS…

About this EpisodeIn this wide ranging episode, we go into detail about Consensus Algorithms and HotStuff with Ittai Abraham from VMware Research.

We chat about the evolution of consensus algorithms, BFT, and how these early ideas have become the backbone of blockchain tech.

We cover PBFT, Tendermint and Ittai's research into SBFT, HotStuff, and the improvements he has been working on since HotStuff's incorporation into Facebook's Libra protocol.

The papers and references we mention:Some of Ittai's work:Ittai's group blog on cryptography and consensus: Decentralized Thoughts blogWe also mention:Thank you to this week's sponsor Matter Labs.

Matter Labs, the creator of the first zkRollup prot…

About this EpisodeIn this week's episode, we chat with Henry de Valence from the Zcash Foundation.

We discuss what makes for a strong crypto library, some of the work he has been doing at the ZF and he shares an update about the Zebra Zcash client.

We also learn about the TCN Coalition, a group he is working with that aims to build and evaluate privacy-preserving contact tracing protocols - an important tool in the fight against the coronavirus pandemic.

Echidna is one of the tools that the team at Trail of Bits uses the most in their smart contract audits - it has been used in almost 35% of their smart contract audits over the past two years.

For more about all these new features check out…

About this EpisodeIn this episode, Anna catches up with Claudia Diaz, professor at KU Leuven and the Chief Science Officer at Nym Technology to learn about mixnets, the history of privacy technology and how there may be some opportunities for new privacy tech to emerge in this post-pandemic world.

Here is the contact tracing project that Claudia highlights in the episode:Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity TracingAnalysis of DP3TA big thank you to this week's sponsor Aztec!

Aztec makes private transactions easy for developers via its Privacy SDK, which removes the complexities of ZK proofs and note management.

The team is now developing the ZK² Rollup, upgrade for this network, which …

About this EpisodeIn this episode, we chat with Flavio Bergamaschi from IBM research about Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE).

FHE allows for computation on encrypted data.

First developed in 2009 at IBM, this tech has long been the considered only theoretically possible.

However, as we learn in the interview, there have been strides made in the last few years and we are starting to see FHE technology being used in some real world applications.

In this interview, we discuss the origin of the technology, what it is, how it can be combined with other cryptographic techniques such as MPC and ZKPs, and applications for FHE technology being explored today.

About this EpisodeIn this episode, we catch up with Sean Bowe and Daira Hopwood from the Electric Coin Company to chat about Halo, a recursive proof composition that doesn't require a trusted setup.

We cover the efficiency techniques used in Halo such as "nested amortization", how the protocol was developed, what some of the key findings are, and how it fits in with the other recent SNARK-based protocols.

We touch on the following material:Sean Bowe on SNARKs, Trusted Setups & Elliptic Curve Cryptographyhttps://github.com/daira/tweedleHalo whitepaperEndomorphismLatest recursive SNARKitecture with Izaak Meckler from O(1)LabsExploring the Fractal transparent SNARK constructionIf you like what…

About this EpisodeIn this week's episode, we chat with Benjamin Perez from Trail of Bits about zero knowledge proof systems and security.

We touch on the evolution of the crypto tech auditing business, the new challenges that emerge in zero knowledge proof systems regarding security, some of the recent bugs and vulnerabilities found in zkp systems and more!

Here is our previous episode on this topic with JP of Trail of BitsHere is some background on the zkp vulnerabilities mentioned.

An Empirical Analysis of Anonymity in ZcashRemote Side-Channel Attacks on Anonymous TransactionsIf you want to join the zkSummit 5 online event, happening on Marcch 31st at 7 am PST, 10am EST, 4pm CET, please b…

About this EpisodeIn this episode, we meet with Galen Wolf-Pauly from the Tlon Corporation to discuss the project Urbit.

Urbit is an encrypted peer-to-peer network comprised of a deterministic operating system (Urbit OS / Arvo) and a secure, global identity layer (Urbit ID / Azimuth).

The Urbit contributors have created new stack, built from the ground up as an integrated system with a focus on user experience.

It also describes itself as a personal server built from scratch.

If you like what we do:Follow us on Twitter - @zeroknowledgefmJoin us on TelegramSupport our Gitcoin GrantSupport us on the ZKPatreonOr directly here:ETH: 0xC0FFEE1B5083230a5154F55f253B6b6ae8F29B1aBTC: 1cafekGa3podM4fB…

About this EpisodeIn this episode, we catch up with Justin Drake and Vitalik Buterin from the Ethereum Foundation to chat about how zero knowledge proof systems are being used throughout the Eth1x and Eth2.0 stacks.

We look at their applications for privacy and scalability throughout layer 1, layer 1.5 and layer 2, as well as explore some other emerging applications.

Here were some of the articles and ideas discussed:5 ways to optimise zkps:Remove the need for FFTsSparsenessRecursionCustom gatesHardwareJacobian groups https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/196.pdfTrilinear maps https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.07923Give the Zero Knowledge Podcast some feedback.

Whether you are a long-time listener or new t…

About this EpisodeIn this week’s episode, we sit down with Alistair Stewart and Jeff Burges, researchers at the Web3 Foundation, to dig into what they are working on, what they are thinking about at the moment, and how zero knowledge proofs can be used throughout the Polkadot ecosystem.

Here are some links and ressources to check out:Thank you to this week's sponsor Trail of BitsCheck out the blog post describing how Manticore could have discovered the ENS bug here: https://blog.trailofbits.com/2020/03/03/manticore-discovers-the-ens-bug/Thanks again Trail of Bits.

If you like what we do:Follow us on Twitter - @zeroknowledgefmJoin us on TelegramSupport our Gitcoin GrantSupport us on the ZKPa…

About this EpisodeIn this week's episode, we catch up with our friends Tarun Chitra and James Prestwich at the Stanford Blockchain Conference.

We also catch up about the known challenges facing PoS systems, what EVM support means on other chains & more!

Catch our previous episodes with Tarun and James here:https://www.zeroknowledge.fm/99https://www.zeroknowledge.fm/61https://www.zeroknowledge.fm/34The tweet that Anna quotes in the episode is here -> https://twitter.com/bneiluj/status/1228757175595438080If you want to join the zkSummit, happening on March 31st, Berlin, do get your application in here: https://forms.gle/WDhUCmowAEk2ymYa7Thanks to this week's sponsor Nucypher!

Nucypher is curr…

About this EpisodeIn this week’s episode, we take the podcast in a slightly different direction and dive into Isogenies - a topic at the cutting edge of cryptography.

We look at how they are related to VDFs and randomness generation.

Our guest, Luca de Feo, one of the co-inventor of SIDH, helps us get an understanding for what Isogenies - or morphisms of algebraic groups - really are.

Here are some useful links to check out:https://sike.org/https://isogeny.org/https://vdfresearch.org/Some visualizations:https://isogenies.enricflorit.com/Some blog posts:https://blog.intothesymmetry.com/2019/07/on-isogenies-verifiable-delay-functions.htmlhttps://www.esat.kuleuven.be/cosic/asiacrypt19-verifiab…

...и вообще везде, где вы слушаете что-то еще!

...и вообще везде, где вы слушаете что-то еще!

...и вообще везде, где вы слушаете что-то еще!

...и вообще везде, где вы слушаете что-то еще!

Разбираем еще три доклада с Cryptoeconomic Systems 2020: про конкуренцию между стейкингом и лендингом, про конец денег и гипербартер и про многоступенчатые атаки 51%.

Бонусный выпуск специально для патронов ББ:https://www.patreon.com/posts/36327490Поддержите подкаст и получите доступ к эксклюзивным материалам!

Ничего не нужно настраивать, просто подключаешь кошелек за 2 секунды, и все уже само работает и не перестает радовать.

Про то, как на это смотрят экономисты, про то, как на это смотрят исследователи, с точки зрения политической науки и governance.

И тут, мне кажется, флешбэки могут быть в 2017 год и в 2016 год, и так далее.

Это мы, в общем-то, знали и в выпуске 116 мы обсуждали это с ребятами из Zerion, с Вадимом и Алексеем.

Он сказал: «Ребят, до сих пор не формализованы контракты, суды и законы математическим языком не потому, что мы такие глупые и не смогли, и не было средств для этого, а потому что, кажется, что это не нужно и невозможно сделать».

Вот скажи, повлиял ли он как-то на то, как ты делал кошелёк, как ты подходил к этому?

То есть, ты не можешь долгое время работать за бесплатно, и то, что у тебя есть команда, которой нужно платить, у всех семья.

Что на что там можно поменять?

Виктор Радченко: Это обидно, потому что все вот болтают: «О, да, нужно делать и то, и другое», но никто не делает.

То есть, за VPN можешь оплачивать криптой уже, то есть это доступно.

Например, мы сделали расшифровки для последних выпусков: №116 – про «Чёрный четверг» в DeFi и №115 – про коронавирус и его влияние на экономику, и в том числе блокчейн.

И это всё прекрасным образом работает, и до сих пор, и всякие magnet-ссылки работают именно таким образом.

Понятно, что я не могу от этого напечатать больше блоков, но что я могу делать?

Это то, что касается блоков, то есть это такой некоторый набор данных, которым все должны обладать.

То есть, в BitTorrent это работает, это не очень приватно, но, видимо, это и не очень важно для данного юзкейса.

И что в Makerе сейчас механизм достаточно сильно отличается от того, что реализовано в других протоколах.

Вадим Колеошкин: Нет, как на референдуме: сколько человек придет, и как они проголосуют, так и будет решено.

Они побили все рекорды по объемам трейдинга, то есть, люди ставили и в long, и short и тем самым очень удачные в dydx’е позиции, разнаправленные позиции себя компенсируют.

Вадим Колеошкин: Но тем не менее 12 марта на compound’е на 6 миллионов долларов было ликвидаций и на dydx’е на пять.

И централизованной, где будут все равны, и на этом скорее всего все и сойдутся.

И там, как и в остальной Европе, где я сейчас нахожусь, вводятся массовые меры по препятствованию и распространению.

И вот так мы все и сидим здесь, и надеемся, что врачей, больниц и оборудования хватит, чтобы всем оказать помощь.

От создателей “Я не сексист, но…” и “Я не расист, но…”.

Вообще, что в финансах, что в экономике в целом.

Однако только сейчас люди и, собственно, руководители компаний осознают, что это, в принципе, теоретически возможно, и что это работает во многом не хуже, а в чем-то даже и лучше.

Обсуждаем недостатки шардинга и преимущества VDF, сравниваем proof-of-history с proof-of-work и разбираемся, как устроены смарт-контракты и экономическая модель Solana.

16:30 рыночная ниша Solana: причем тут гантеля Талеба19:57 зачем класть микроплатежи на блокчейн24:00 за что Solana не любит шардинг?

34:30 роли в протоколе: валидаторы и лидеры38:30 что такое proof of history и проблема децентрализованных часов43:15 как Solana использует VDF (и VDF ли это?)

45:20 как Solana вписывается в академический пейзаж VDF?

1:13:30 протокол Tower BFT1:17:20 экономичекая модель proof-of-stake1:24:10 как устроены смарт-контракты Solana1:34:30 зачем Solana собственная сеть распространения блоков, когда е…

Андрей Бородёнков и Кирилл Поляков разрабатывают блокчейн-проекты в Департаменте информационных технологий (ДИТ) Москвы.

Обсуждаем, зачем госорганам блокчейн, и подробно разбираем нашумевшую систему электронного голосования, использовавшуюся на выборах в Московскую городскую думу в 2019 году.

Становитесь патроном и получите ранний доступ к свежим выпускам ББ!

02:52 как гости пришли в блокчейн и в ДИТ07:37 зачем нужны закрытые блокчейны?

27:30 контекст: голосование в Московскую думу (ББ-088)29:00 зачем нужно электронное голосование?

Две атаки на bZx с использованием flash loans активно обсуждались в феврале.

Разобраться в теме нам помог Андрей Козлов – разработчик в Aave, DeFi-компании, предлагающей в том числе flash loans.

Обсуждаем продукты Aave и подробно разбираем атаки: какие ошибки к ним привели и как хакер ими воспользовался?

И был ли это хак, или смарт-контракт отработал, как и должен был?

0:38 — как гость попал в криптоиндустрию 3:43 — о компании Aave 7:38 — продукт компании Aave: протокол для кредитования и депонирования, его особенности и отличие от Maker DAO 20:37 — про Flash Loans: что это, как работает и почему это интересная тема для обсуждения 31:23 — статистика использования Flash Loans; как повлиял фо…

Как должен быть устроен governance децентрализованного проекта?

Выясняем вместе с Глебом Науменко из Bitcoin Core и Кириллом Пименовым из Parity.

Как было принято это решение и как подобные решения будут приниматься в будущем; не является ли это как раз объектом гаверненса.

1:15:57 — вопрос Глеба Кириллу: из-за DeFi возникает проблема того, что вкладывать в DeFi выгоднее, чем стейкать.

Не добавляет ли governance ещё одну степень свободы, ещё больше затрудняя анализ системы?

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Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

Head over to the App Store or Google Play Store, download cash.app and start #stackingsats today.

Use the promo code: "stackingsats" to receive $5 and contribute $5 to OWLS Lacrosse you download the app.

If you need liquidity but don't want to sell your bitcoin, they offer easy access to loans using bitcoin as collateral.

Collateral is always stored on-chain in dedicated multisig addresses with the option for you to hold a key, and your bitcoin is never rehypotheticated.

Canadian freaks need to check out Bull Bitcoin (https://bullbitcoin.com/).

After frequent requests, this site is now reachable as a Tor hidden service through an onion address:http://6hasakffvppilxgehrswmffqurlcjjjhd76jgvaqmsg6ul25s7t3rzyd.onion/As well as adding another means of censorship resistance, a hidden service gives an alternative trust path that doesn’t rely on certificate authorities nor DNS infrastructure.

Bitcoin Core version 0.19.1 is now available for download.

For a complete list of changes in this maintenance release, please see the release notes.

If have any questions, please stop by the #bitcoin IRC chatroom (IRC, web) and we’ll do our best to help you.

Bitcoin Core version 0.19.0 is now available for download containing multiple improvements and bug fixes For a complete list of changes in this maintenance release, please see the release notes.

Due to an issue that only came to light just after the rc process, the download is for 0.19.0.1 instead of 0.19.0.

If have any questions, please stop by the #bitcoin IRC chatroom (IRC, web) and we’ll do our best to help you.

Disclosure of the details of CVE-2017-18350, a fix for which was released on November 6th, 2017 in Bitcoin Core version 0.15.1.

The vulnerability was introduced in 60a87bce873 (SOCKS5 support) and first released in Bitcoin Core v0.7.0rc1 in 2012 Aug 27.

To be vulnerable, the node must be configured to use such a malicious proxy in the first place.

Upon a connection request from the node, the malicious proxy would respond with an acknowledgement of a different target domain name than the one requested.

To fix this vulnerability, the dummy buffer was changed to an explicitly unsigned data type, avoiding the conversion to/from a negative number.

Bitcoin Core version 0.18.1 is now available for download containing several bug fixes and other improvements.

For a complete list of changes in this maintenance release, please see the release notes.

If have any questions, please stop by the #bitcoin IRC chatroom (IRC, web) and we’ll do our best to help you.

Bitcoin Core version 0.18.0 is now available for download containing several bug fixes and minor improvements.

For a complete list of changes, please see the release notes.

If have any questions, please stop by the #bitcoin IRC chatroom (IRC, web) and we’ll do our best to help you.

Bitcoin Core version 0.17.1 is now available for download containing several bug fixes and minor improvements.

For a complete list of changes, please see the release notes.

If have any questions, please stop by our IRC chatroom and we’ll do our best to help you.

Bitcoin Core version 0.17.0 is now available for download containing many new features as well as bug fixes and other improvements.

For a complete list of changes, please see the release notes.

This release is not vulnerable to the CVE-2018-17144 duplicate inputs bug.

If have any questions, please stop by our IRC chatroom and we’ll do our best to help you.

Full disclosureCVE-2018-17144, a fix for which was released on September 18th in Bitcoin Core versions 0.16.3 and 0.17.0rc4, includes both a Denial of Service component and a critical inflation vulnerability.

Thus, in Bitcoin Core 0.14.X, any attempts to double-spend a transaction output within a single transaction inside of a block will result in an assertion failure and a crash, as was originally reported.

In Bitcoin Core 0.15, as a part of a larger redesign to simplify unspent transaction output tracking and correct a resource exhaustion attack the assertion was changed subtly.

Instead of asserting that the output being marked spent was previously unspent, it only asserts that it exists.…

Bitcoin Core version 0.16.3 is now available for download with a fix for a denial-of-service vulnerability introduced in Bitcoin Core 0.14.0 and affecting all subsequent versions though to 0.16.2.

We highly recommend users of all affected versions immediately upgrade to 0.16.3.

Security issue CVE-2018-17144: it was discovered that older versions of Bitcoin Core will crash if they try to process a block containing a transaction that attempts to spend the same input twice.

This release eliminates the crash, allowing the software to quietly reject such invalid blocks.

If have any questions, please stop by our IRC chatroom and we’ll do our best to help you.

Bitcoin Core version 0.16.2 is now available for download.

The attack was considered unlikely given that much cheaper attacks of roughly equal effectiveness are well known.

Similarly, the getblock RPC also now returns extra information that can be used to defeat this attack even if the requested block has been pruned.

As before, you can call this RPC when you no longer want your wallet to re-broadcast an old unconfirmed transaction.

If have any questions, please stop by our IRC chatroom and we’ll do our best to help you.

Bitcoin Core version 0.16.1 is now available for download.

Fixing a bug that could’ve potentially caused miners to lose revenue if they produced two blocks in very rapid succession.

The presence of this opcode makes it difficult for nodes to estimate how much computational work will be required to validate a legacy signature script.

Because of that, it blocks the deployment of solutions to prevent attackers from creating blocks that require a long time to validate.

If have any questions, please stop by our IRC chatroom and we’ll do our best to help you.

We are pleased to announce the release of Bitcoin Core 0.16.0, the first version of Bitcoin Core to include default wallet support for segregated witness (segwit).

This means that downgrading after recovering from a backup that includes a segwit address will workNote that some RPCs do not yet support segwit addresses.

Note that this only applies to new wallets; wallets made with previous versions will not be upgraded to be HD.

Wallets directory configurationBitcoin Core now has more flexibility in where the wallets directory can be located.

Specifically: * A new field iswitness is True for P2WPKH and P2WSH addresses (“bc1…” addresses), but not for P2SH-wrapped segwit addresses (see be…

We are pleased to announce the release of Bitcoin Core 0.15.1.

Notable changesNetwork fork safety enhancementsA number of changes to the way Bitcoin Core deals with peer connections and invalid blocks have been made, as a safety precaution against blockchain forks and misbehaving peers.

This ensures that everything that descends from an invalid block is marked as such.

Miner block size limiting deprecatedThough blockmaxweight has been preferred for limiting the size of blocks returned by getblocktemplate since 0.13.0, blockmaxsize remained as an option for those who wished to limit their block size directly.

Further, the blockmaxsize option is now used only to calculate an implied blockmaxw…

Overview Hashes for verificationBitcoin Core 0.15.0.1 has been released with a fix for a minor bug in 0.15.0, which caused the GUI client to crash for some users after upgrading to 0.15.0.

After upgrade to 0.15.0, some clients would crash at startup because a custom fee setting was configured that no longer exists in the GUI.

To download, please visit the download page.

If have any questions, please stop by our IRC chatroom and we’ll do our best to help you.

Hashes for verification

With Blockstream Green Desktop, you can now create 2-of-3 multisig accounts, with an additional third key held offline for recovery.

Although the mobile app can’t yet be used to create a new 2-of-3 account, you can import your Blockstream Green desktop wallet on the mobile app so that any 2-of-3 accounts created on desktop will also appear on mobile, ready for use.

However, with the launch of Blockstream Green Desktop, it’s with a heavy heart that we will be retiring the classic GreenAddress desktop app over the coming weeks.

Any previously-created GreenAddress or Blockstream Green wallet can be restored to Blockstream Green Desktop using your 24-words mnemonic backup.

Get StartedYou ca…

Check out the Light Nite Explorer (based on Blockstream’s Esplora) to see their assets in action on the sidechain.

After receiving a Light Nite token outside of the game, a player can deposit the token in their Light Nite account to receive the associated skin for use with their character in-game.

A purchased copy of the Light Nite game is required to access the Light Nite store.

The Blockstream Store and Light Nite GiveawayAt Consensus: Distributed, we will be running a Liquid asset giveaway in collaboration with Light Nite, which will have both Blockstream Store vouchers and Light Nite tokens up for grabs.

1 Trezor Model T, 1 Ledger Nano S, 1 Blockstream Metal, 10 Blockstream hats, 15 B…

In addition to the Blockstream Satellite network update, we’re also announcing the much requested satellite kits will soon be available for pre-order at the Blockstream Store!

Satellite Kit Pre-OrdersTwo ready-to-go receiver kits and an optional antenna kit will be available soon for pre-order:Blockstream Satellite Basic Kit: A consumer-grade satellite receiver, ready to connect a Bitcoin node at home.

Existing Blockstream Satellite users should note that we will be disabling the 1.0 network on June 1st 2020.

Get Started with Blockstream Satellite 2.0New users should keep an eye on the Blockstream Store to be ready to place pre-orders for delivery in June.

), get a Lightning wallet ready …

We are pleased to announce Blockstream Satellite 2.0 is now live, bringing a standards-based transmission protocol, more bandwidth, additional coverage areas, and the ability to sync a Bitcoin full node all the way from the genesis block up to today.

Liquid assets just got a whole lot more secure with the addition of Liquid Network support for the Ledger Nano S. Liquid users with Android devices can now use Blockstream Green to send and receive a selection of major Liquid assets from their Ledger hardware wallet.

Liquid assets just got a whole lot more secure with the addition of Liquid Network support for the Ledger Nano S. Liquid users with Android devices can now use Blockstream Green to send and receive a selection of major Liquid assets from their Ledger hardware wallet.

The Ledger Liquid App in ActionOffline Storage Combined With Multisig 2FAUsing Blockstream Green and a Ledger Nano S to store your Liquid assets combines the best of both offline storage and multisig two-factor authentication.

As with all standard Blockstream Green Bitcoin and Liquid wallets, Liquid assets on a Ledger Nano S are stored in a 2-of-2 multisig.

More Assets and Hardware Support to ComeAt launch, the Liquid app on th…

Using our explorer, anyone can search through historical Bitcoin, Liquid Network, and Bitcoin testnet transaction data.

However, it should be noted that using Blockstream Explorer as a source of blockchain data introduces trust in running a Lightning node.

New Liquid Network StatsNow all of the peg activity occurring on Liquid is on one page for easy searching.

Start Building With The APIThe Blockstream Explorer API is a performance-focused interface that simplifies building Bitcoin, Lightning, and Liquid-based applications.

To get started connecting your project to the Blockstream Explorer API, check out our documentation.

Blockstream Explorer is now better than ever thanks to a new set of updates for the free and open-source Electrs backend that powers it.

Over the course of a week, the attendees evaluated existing Bitcoin privacy technologies and formulated some possible new ones.

How a P2EP transaction compares to a regular Bitcoin transactionArmed with P2EP-enabled wallets, users will be able to initiate P2EP transactions in a similar way as they make regular Bitcoin transactions.

Regular and P2EP transactions look identical on the blockchain, meaning even minimal adoption of P2EP grants regular, ‘non-P2EP’ transactions improved privacy.

Regular and P2EP transactions look identical on the blockchain, meaning even minimal adoption of P2EP grants regular, ‘non-P2EP’ transactions improved privacy.

Enabling the merchant side of the pay…

Blockstream is excited to welcome the launch of Liquid CAD, a brand new asset on the Liquid Network created by Bull Bitcoin, one of the leading Bitcoin exchanges in Canada and a member of the Liquid Federation.

Liquid CAD (L-CAD) acts as a Canadian dollar payment system built on top of the Liquid Network.

The Canadian BullSince its launch in 2018, Bull Bitcoin has built Canada’s leading infrastructure for purchasing and using bitcoins.

Bull Bitcoin created L-CAD so Canadians would not have to compromise on the speed and confidentiality of their transactions when buying bitcoins.

Get StartedTo get started testing L-CAD transactions on Liquid, Canadian users should download Blockstream Gree…

As humanity continues to expand to Mars and beyond, the Bitcoin network is going to need solutions ready to keep every humanoid species connected.

So today we’re proud to reveal the launch of the Lava Network, a sidechain-based settlement network for Bitcoin transactions on Mars.

Extending Bitcoin to MartiansThe Lava Network comes with a variety of powerful features that Martian Bitcoin users and businesses of the future can take advantage of:Enhanced Privacy: In addition to benefiting from our classic Confidential Transaction technology, Lava Network users gain extra privacy thanks to the time delay between Earth and Mars.

In addition to benefiting from our classic Confidential Transacti…

The latest new Liquid members mark the first cohort of new members onboarded by the Liquid Membership Board, following its establishment in October 2019.

Join the FederationAny exchange, trading desk, or financial institution is invited to join the Liquid Network.

Visit the Liquid Network website and submit an application via the Become a Member button.

Some of the new members have already completed Liquid integrations:Other new members have integrations launching soon:Ledger: bringing Liquid asset support to the Ledger hardware wallets and Ledger Vault.

View real-time updates for L-BTC liquidity on the Liquid Network website.

Thanks to a new integration with the “Wyre Widget,” Liquid users in the US can now quickly and easily pick up small amounts of Liquid Bitcoin (L-BTC) on Liquid.net using Apple Pay or their debit cards.

Great For Fees and TestingThe Liquid.net Wyre Widget is particularly useful for people who need a small amount of L-BTC to cover network fees for Liquid transactions (e.g.

The Wyre Widget should also be handy for users who are interested in testing the Liquid Network before integrating it into their trading strategies or applications.

Download the Blockstream Green wallet app and set up a Liquid wallet.

For a Liquid wallet, download Blockstream Green from the App Store, Google Play, and F…

by Alex BosworthWe’re excited to announce the release of the Lightning Loop Beta.

Loop Beta is the start of a roadmap to evolve the technology of Lightning bridging to take a permanent place in the Lightning ecosystem.

But in Beta, Lightning Loop will start to offer a new method of accessing the API that is based on the LSAT project for light-weight authenticated access of APIs.

In Beta, Lightning Loop will pre-check Loop In requests to help confirm that a swap can be completed before a transaction is sent-on chain.

This will help users save on chain fees and time-locked coins by proactively preventing liquidity errors.

We’re working to do our part to kick off the new decade right with the release of lnd v0.9-beta !

In lnd v0.9-beta , we’re making a significant step in this direction with the ability to receive “multi-path payments” (MPPs) (the non-spontaneous variant).

“Single-shot” MPP payments are essentially an updated, safer form of “normal,” unsplit Lightning payments.

RoutingAs discussed in the Routing Node Guide blog post series, we expect that over time, routing nodes will become more selective about the quality of nodes they connect to.

CompatibilityThere were a number of compatibility changes made in lnd v0.9-beta that will primarily be useful to developers of other Lightning imp…

If you just want to run Lightning on your phone, check out some of the wallets already using lnd 0.8, such as Breez, Zap and tippin.me.

To expose the lnd RPC as mobile APIs, we use falafel to translate the lnrpc protobuf definitions to gomobile compatible APIs at build time.

{ print("lnd started") } } LndmobileStart("--bitcoin.active --bitcoin.testnet --no-macaroons --bitcoin.node=neutrino", StartCallback())You could also bundle a config file with your app and give it to lnd using --configfile= .

getInfo.serializedData() LndmobileGetInfo(msg, GetInfoCallback())Integration with AndroidIn the Android world, Java is still king, and the lnd APIs will be Java compatible.

Check out the source for…

by Bryan VuIn the first post in this series, we discussed some of the requirements for becoming a routing node operator as well as some of the basic mechanics of setting up a routing node.

This section will further provide suggestions for how a routing node operator can configure their node so as to become more attractive to Lightning routing algorithms.

Channel acceptance policiesAs the Lightning routing network evolves, we envision that routing nodes will become more selective about the channel requests they accept.

As the routing node operator adds capital, another thing to keep in mind is increasing security commensurate with the additional funds stored.

Importantly, because source rout…

The Lightning Conference in Berlin is just around the corner, and to make things a little more exciting for conference attendees (and for everyone else, really), today we’re announcing the release of lnd v0.8.0-beta !

Note that SAFU commitments are only used for new channels that are created between parties support SAFU Commitments (which is now default in lnd v0.8.0-beta ).

Another safety improvement in lnd v0.8.0-beta is the addition of Per-HTLC Invoice Tracking.

RoutingOne of the biggest improvements in lnd v0.8.0-beta is the introduction of a much improved “Mission Control”, which is the payment routing subsystem in lnd .

(The system is also flexible enough to allow for specific a…

We have created tools one can use to check if your lnd node was targeted.

The exploit was fully patched in lnd version v0.7.1 (released July 30th 2019) and partially patched in version v0.7.0 (released July 2nd 2019).

Of the two checks, failure to check the scriptpubkey (#1) is more disastrous, since an attacker can costlessly open thousands of invalid channels per block.

If you’re running lnd version v0.7.1-beta and above, then you’re safe.

Channel LimitsThe Lightning Network specification currently requires a hard funding limit of 16.7M satoshis, and a payment limit of 4.2M satoshis.

by Bryan VuAs the Lightning Network has grown and we’ve worked with many community members who have been running Lightning routing nodes, we’ve been wanting to provide more information about our ideas and experiences running routing nodes.

Subsequent posts will discuss some of the underlying principles of Lightning routing, creating and managing channels, securing nodes, and monitoring nodes.

A Lightning Network routing node is a node that is configured and capitalized (with bitcoin) so as to facilitate the routing of Lightning Network payments.

Recommended capitalIn addition to hardware, time and skills, the final requirement to run an effective Lightning Network routing node is capita…

by Valentine WallaceToday we’re excited to announce the first alpha release of lndmon : a drop-in, dockerized monitoring solution for lnd .

Besides preventing network trouble, lndmon is a flexible monitoring tool for routing node operators and other users who want to track how their channels change over time.

Prometheus scrapes metrics from lndmon, and Grafana presents the data in eye-catching graphs.

Nginx is an optional component of lndmon which adds the ability for users to access their dashboards remotely over TLS.

If anyone using this project creates a graph they find useful, they’re encouraged to submit a pull request to the lndmon project so others can benefit from it as well.

The first half of 2019 has been an exciting time for Lightning and for Bitcoin, and in those first six months, we at Lightning Labs are excited to have released Lightning Loop, lnd v0.6-beta , our desktop Lightning App for Linux, OSX and Windows, our mobile Lightning App for Android and iOS, as well as Loop In!

To begin the second half of 2019, today we’re announcing the release of lnd v0.7-beta .

lnd v0.7-beta provides for running lnd in “altruist” watchtower mode, in which an operator can provide watchtower services without requiring payment.

In order to make the lifecycle of Lightning Payments more explicit to developers, we’ve added a new set of RPCs to be used for sending and t…

by Alex BosworthIn March, we at Lightning Labs announced Lightning Loop, which provides an on-demand non-custodial service to help manage Lightning channels.

Today, we’re making Lightning Loop bi-directional with the addition of Loop In.

At that point, Lightning users can close the empty channel and open a new channel (“channel churn”), or they keep their channel open and use Loop In!

Like our previous Loop Out release, this early command line release of Loop In is primarily intended for experimentation by more advanced Lightning users.

Integrate Loop TodayIn addition to providing benefits for end users and our Lightning App users as described above, Lightning Loop is designed to empo…

We recently launched our Lightning App on desktop and with this new release our Lightning App is now available on iOS, Android, Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Powered by Neutrino and AutopilotThe mobile apps also include the same two core technologies that power the desktop app.

Instead, app users only need to download and verify tens of megabytes worth of filter and block headers in a matter of minutes.

You can read more about these two technologies in the desktop release blog post.

State of the Art Mobile SecuritySecurity is an integral part of Bitcoin and our Lightning App is no exception.

by Tankred Hase and Valentine WallaceToday we’re excited to announce the first alpha release of the Lightning App for desktop on Bitcoin mainnet.

For everyone to truly explore what is possible with the Lightning Network, we needed to build a wallet that knocks down these barriers-to-entry and demonstrates what is possible when technology fights for the user.

Unified Homescreen BalanceWe have also updated the home screen with a unified balance that includes on-chain as well as Lightning funds.

Selecting a set of initial channels is an important part of bootstrapping new users to the Lightning Network, and with this new system, we’ll ensure that our users’ very first channels act as rel…

Today, we’re excited to announce the latest release of lnd , v0.6-beta !

This is also the first release of lnd that supports Lightning Loop out of the box!

For light client users, we’ve also made a few Neutrino enhancements.

Developer friendlinessWe’ve been excited to see the activity around the creation of Lightning applications based on lnd as well as merchant services and Lightning wallets that use lnd .

lnd v0.6-beta includes a number of changes to the RPC interface that are designed to make lnd easier for developers to work with.

You are effectively looping the payment back to yourself, hence the name Lightning Loop.

The user sends a payment tied to this hash to the Lightning Loop server.

To prevent this the server requires a second Lightning payment called the prepayment to be made along with the swap payment.

From that point onwards, the preimage is to be considered public knowledge and the user should expect their Lightning payment to be settled at any time.

With the received on-chain funds another channel can be opened and this channel can be Looped out too.

by Alex Bosworth and Bryan VuToday we’re excited to announce the initial release of Lightning Loop, a non-custodial service that makes it easier for people to receive funds on Lightning.

Loop Out: A Tale of Lightning PizzaOne day, a new company launches that’s selling pizza on the Lightning Network called Backgammon’s.

The vision for Lightning Loop is to allow users to securely move funds in and out of the Lightning Network using non-custodial Bitcoin contracts.

Try Loop Out TodayThis developer-focused alpha we’re releasing is intended to be used via command line interface or via the Lightning Loop gRPC API.

Any feedback from the Lightning community is always very much appreciated 

On the media side, we do see some balance between stability and dynamism:Week in Ethereum had the highest total amount received in both the previous round and the current round.

EthHub and Bankless are also near the top in both the current round and the previous round.

An individual has two choices: contribute $10 in the current round, or contribute $5 in the current round and $5 in the next round.

a $200 match now, but the latter would give you $141 in the current round + $141 in the next round = $282.

Responses to negative contributionsThis round also introduced negative contributions, a feature proposed in my review of the previous round.

Alice and Bob want to both learn the result of computing f , but Alice does not want Bob to learn her inputs, and Bob does not want Alice to learn his inputs.

Alice and Bob want to both learn the result of computing , but Alice does not want Bob to learn her inputs, and Bob does not want Alice to learn his inputs.

Here's the circuit with labels again:At the start, Bob knows the labels 6816, 3621, 4872, 5851Bob evaluates the first gate.

However, in general garbled circuits can be used for computations that are not reversible, and so don't break privacy in this way (eg.

The labels themselves are random and so reveal nothing about the inputs, but anyone can then execute the published garbled c…

There are two main objections that I heard, and both lead to interesting criticisms of quadratic funding in its current implementation.

Traditionally, public goods of the type that Gitcoin Grants quadratic funding is trying to support were selected and funded by governments.

or quadratic funding.

But there is nothing in the rules of quadratic funding that privileges Ethereum projects and prevents, say, Ethereum Classic projects from seeking funding using the same platform!

One is to modify the quadratic funding mechanism to support negative votes in addition to positive votes.

a one-time set of serious breaking changes to prevent the base protocol's cryptography from falling to quantum computers would be okay).

Once a layer 1 protocol has achieved a certain level of functionality, which I will term "functionality escape velocity", then yes, you can do everything else on top without further changing the base.

This post will talk about some of what this minimal functionality that constitutes "functionality escape velocity" is.

The problem is this: there needs to be some way to move coins from a "normal" state to an "awaiting withdrawal" state.

The block time of the base layer sets the latency for anything whose confirmation depends things being included in the base…

The other 37 squares should be covered up by checkers or Go pieces or anything else to denote that they are inaccessible.

The rules are the same as chess, with a few exceptions:White pawns move up, black pawns move left.

White pawns take going left-and-up or right-and-up, black pawns take going left-and-down or left-and-up.

To break ties between equal maximum-length sequences, count the number of distinct length-three sequences they have; the hand with more distinct length-three sequences wins.

This hand has four length-three sequences: K 2 4, K 4 8, 2 3 4, 3 8 K. This is rare.

Special thanks to Karl Floersch and Jinglan Wang for feedbackIf you follow applied mechanism design or decentralized governance at all, you may have recently heard one of a few buzzwords: quadratic voting, quadratic funding and quadratic attention purchase.

... Public goods, public marketsPrivate goods (eg.

Quadratic VotingSee also the original paper: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract%5fid=2003531Let us begin by exploring the first "flavor" of quadratic payments: quadratic voting.

With a bright mirror image of quadratic funding: quadratic fees!

Quadratic payments are an idea that has only become popular in the last few years; we still have not seen more than small-scale trial…

In this post, I'll go through the 16 problems from 2014 one by one, and see just where we are today on each one.

At the end, I’ll include my new picks for hard problems of 2019.

Cryptographic problemsBlockchain Scalability One of the largest problems facing the cryptocurrency space today is the issue of scalability ...

About six months after the "hard problems" list was posted, Ethereum settled on its ASIC-resistant proof of work algorithm: Ethash.

New problemsIf I were to write the hard problems list again in 2019, some would be a continuation of the above problems, but there would be significant changes in emphasis, as well as significant new problems.

Special thanks to the Gitcoin team and especially Frank Chen for working with me through these numbersThe next round of Gitcoin Grants quadratic funding has just finished, and we the numbers for how much each project has received were just released.

But what matters more here are not the raw donations, but rather the subsidies that the quadratic funding mechanism applied.

Pairwise-bounded quadratic funding vs traditional quadratic fundingRound 3 differs from previous rounds in that it uses a new flavor of quadratic funding, which limits the subsidy per pair of participants.

ConclusionsOn the whole, this was by far the largest and the most data-rich Gitcoin funding round to date.

The experim…

"Yes," Alice, Bob, Charlie and David exclaim in unison.

Bob, Charlie, David and Evan crowd around the books together, and each open up an app on their phone and press a few buttons.

Bob, Charlie, David and Evan glance down at their smartphone apps one more time, and each tap a few buttons.

"Congratulations, Alice," Bob says.

"Only a 75% probability this would have actually caught me if I didn't actually have all four parts of the key," Alice thought to herself.

How PLONK worksLet us start with an explanation of how PLONK works, in a somewhat abstracted format that focuses on polynomial equations without immediately explaining how those equations are verified.

We will need to create a structured system of equations, which will ultimately reduce to a very small number of polynomial equations, to represent both.

To make the problem actually challenging (and actually represent the problem encoded in the original circuit), we need to add an equation that verifies "copy constraints": constraints such as \(a(5) = c(7)\), \(c(10) = c(12)\), etc.

The only remaining polynomial in the above equations is \(Z(x) = (x - 1) \cdot (x - \omega) \cdot ... \cdot (x …

The previous standard protocol uses four transactions.

Additionally the keys necessary to spend the coins won’t be contained in the user’s BIP32 HD wallet, so additional backups may be required.

If taproot is adopted, swaps can be made even more privately and efficiently.

Commenting on the protocol, Lloyd Fournier noted the “elegance” of a simplified version of the protocol that uses three transactions.

Dmitry Petukhov posted about a specification he’d written for the protocol in the TLA+ formal specification language, helping to test the correctness of the protocol.

● Request for an additional taproot signature commitment: an idea previously discussed among Bitcoin experts would be allowing hardware wallets to automatically sign any transaction as long as it provably increases the user’s balance.

This could make it easy for the hardware wallet to automatically participate in coinjoin transactions or LN payment routing.

However, several years ago, Greg Sanders described an attack that could be used to trick a hardware wallet into thinking that its balance was increasing when it was actually decreasing.

Finally, the attacker would put both signatures into a final transaction and broadcast it, stealing money from the wallet.

This would allow hardware wall…

Also included are our regular sections with releases, release candidates, and notable code changes from popular Bitcoin infrastructure software.

For example, which Hardware Security Module (HSM) can be used for a Lightning node, or how to failover a Bitcoin Core node in a multi-instance setting.

(transcript, video)● Grokking Bitcoin Kalle Rosenbaum participated in a Bitcoin developer meetup and gave a presentation at London Bitcoin Devs.

(Meetup transcript, presentation transcript, presentation video, presentation slides)New releases and release candidates for popular Bitcoin infrastructure projects.

Notable code and documentation changesNotable changes this week in Bitcoin Core, C-Lightnin…

Here’s a quick demo of an automated failover implemented with two Eclair instances plus AWS’s RDS, ELB, and NAT Gateway.

Eclair stores the seed in a file on the local file system which should be backed up somewhere and restored when needed.

We instead use AWS Secrets Manager—an encrypted key/value store specifically designed to securely hold various kinds of secrets including database passwords and encryption keys.

For example, which Hardware Security Module (HSM) can be used for a Lightning node, or how to failover a Bitcoin Core node in a multi-instance setting.

But we believe that our work is a solid base for scaling out Eclair and making it more fault-tolerant.

A separate onchain settlement transaction can fulfill either condition of the HTLC.

When Mallory’s preimage settlement transaction does eventually confirm, Mallory gets the 1 BTC that Bob offered her in the Bob-Mallory HTLC.

● Settlement transaction anchor outputs: Onchain settlement transactions could be redesigned to spend their value to anchor outputs that could be CPFP fee bumped using CPFP carve-out.

Corallo labeled this a severe issue but noted its similar consequences to another known issue related to fee management in onchain LN transactions.

In the interim, node operators concerned about the attack may wish to increase their cltv_expiry_delta to give preimage settlement transaction…

● BTCPay adds support for sending and receiving payjoined payments: payjoin is a protocol that increases the privacy of Bitcoin payments by including inputs from both the spender and the receiver in an onchain transaction.

This prevents an outside observer examining block chain data from assuming all inputs in that transaction belong to the same user (e.g.).

If a significant number of people use payjoin, this makes the common input heuristic used by block chain analysts much less reliable, improving privacy for even Bitcoin users who aren’t using payjoin.

This week, BTCPay announced the release of version 1.0.4.0 which includes an implementation of payjoin support for both receiving payment…

● Proposal for using one BIP32 keychain to seed multiple child keychains: several weeks ago, Ethan Kosakovsky posted to the Bitcoin-Dev mailing list a proposal for using one BIP32 Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) keychain to create seeds for child HD keychains that can be used in different contexts.

This may seem unnecessary given that BIP32 already provides extended private keys (xprvs) that can be shared between signing wallets.

The problem is that many wallets don’t implement the ability to import xprvs—they only allow importing either an HD seed or some precursor data that is transformed into the seed (e.g.

Kosakovsky’s proposal is to create a super-keychain whose child keys are transfor…

● Work on PTLCs for LN using simplified ECDSA adaptor signatures: Point Time Locked Contracts (PTLCs) are an alternative to the Hash Time Locked Contracts (HTLCs) currently used to enable routable payments in LN.

Adaptor signatures were originally described for use with the schnorr signature scheme.

It’s known to be possible to use them with Bitcoin’s current ECDSA signature scheme (see Newsletter #16) but the process relies on two-party ECDSA signing (2pECDSA) which is complex and requires security assumptions beyond those normally required for Bitcoin-style ECDSA signatures.

However, more recently, Lloyd Fournier published a paper describing how to securely use adaptor signatures with jus…

The offchain delegation operations are all performed with the cooperation of a trusted third party who can only steal funds if they collude with a delegated signer (such as previous delegates Alice or Bob).

A delegated signer can always spend the UTXO onchain without needing permission from the trusted third party, arguably making statechains less trusted than federated sidechains.

The downside of this approach is that delegates might need to wait a long time before being able to spend their funds without permission from the trusted third party.

Replace the 2-of-2 schnorr multisig between the trusted third party and the current delegate (using an adaptor signature) with a single-sig using s…

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Crypto derivatives platform ErisX is launching Ether futures contracts, it announced Monday in a blog post.

The new contracts, the first futures contracts for the second-largest cryptocurrency by market cap in the U.S., will begin trading effective immediately, ErisX announced.

"Starting today individual and institutional investors can access physically delivered futures contracts based on ETH-USD with monthly and quarterly expirations.

The ErisX futures exchange trades alongside the ErisX spot market on a unified and innovative platform enabling price transparency and collateral efficiencies," the blog post said.

Ben is an active Ethereum community member and is the Founder, CEO & Lead Eng…

So, to help educate these people, we cleaned up the EthHub Discord channel with the aim of turning it into more of a community learning hub.

- AnthonyNews of the WeekTON Labs, a startup that helped Telegram run the test network for the Telegram Open Network (TON), launched its own version of the blockchain Thursday, with the support of professional validators.

During a Zoom call livestreamed on YouTube, the genesis block of the new blockchain was generated, effectively marking its existence.

"The network must not be censored, it must go to the world," TON Labs CTO Mitya Goroshevsky said on the call.

Immutable X is a decentralized, non-custodial exchange that scales trading on the Ethereum n…

Glassnode released yet another metric that I requested last week - the Ethereum HODL Waves chart which shows ETH holder behavior over the years.

Finally, the monthly Ethereum update video I do with Alex Saunders of Nugget’s News is live - watch it here.

Project UpdatesLots of testnet updates and news in this weeks edition of Ben’s newsletter along with a suite of research updates.

In this post, Pooja from the Ethereum Cat Herders goes over all of the groups achievements for Q1 of this year.

This post covers r&d updates for all of Loopring’s products, recent metrics for the exchange, media coverage and more.

Now, ~$28,000 is forever locked in their contracts due to that bug (though the team will be covering the losses).

We’ll be talking about this more on the EthHub Weekly recap podcast which we’ll be livestreaming (with video!)

Futureswap, an exchange to trade 20x perpetual ETH futures went live this week for a brief period of time.

In its 3 day alpha period, it did over $7 million in volume with over $1 million of liquidity.

Paul previously worked at AZTEC Protocol as a Blockchain Engineer and held various Software Engineering roles prior to that.

A fresh new guide was added to EthHub this week that gives a straightforward explanation of ERC20 tokens on Ethereum.

- AnthonyNews of the WeekdForce, a Multicoin Capital-backed Chinese decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol, has been exploited.

Project UpdatesGnosis officially launched their protocol this week which is the result of two years of research and development.

Gnosis Protocol is a fully permissionless DEX (decentralized trading protocol) that enables a new mechanism called ring trades to maximize liquidity.

The new website lets you compare various different DeFi assets such as protocol tokens (MKR, ZRX), Compound cTokens, Uniswap pool tokens and much more.

We’ll be talking a bit more about Gitcoin grants on this weeks weekly recap podcast - head here to make sure you’re subscribed so you don’t miss it!

It allows users to automatically direct interest earned to things like buying ETH or other tokens.

With this integration, Trust wallet users can now import the Public Eth address in one click into Frontier and start tracking DeFi Portfolio and perform DeFi operations.

Fairmint is a “continuous securities offering” platform that allows teams and individuals to raise money from anyone at any time.

SmokeSignal is a tool that allows users to post unstoppable messages to the Ethereum blockchain using a web3 wallet, ENS and DAI.

If you haven’t checked it out yet, I joined Alex Saunders on his YouTube channel to discuss the last 6 weeks worth of Ethereum updates.

Last thing - there’s currently a survey running that aims to gauge the mental models people have for the Ethereum Protocol, Ethereum Foundation and ETH (the token).

- AnthonyNews of the WeekBinance has officially announced its acquisition of CoinMarketCap, the popular aggregator for exchange volume and cryptocurrency pricing data.

Project UpdatesThe Ethereum Foundation has announced the Devcon Archive - a place where everyone can dive into presentations from all past Devcon events.

Your regular eth2 news round up from Ben including some updates on phase 0, …

A 1 DAI contribution is currently being matched by 90 DAI so even a little goes a very long way!

Donors may ultimately use Ethereum-based tokens to vote for which candidates should get their support, though initially voting will not tap any crypto tokens.

Uniswap V2 will be bringing a suite of new features to the Uniswap protocol including token to token trading pairs, flash swaps, price oracles and much more.

Lots of technical updates from Nimbus this month including work on interoperability, audits, libp2p and more.

Mike is the Co-Founder of Rainbow Wallet - an in-development mobile crypto wallet for Ethereum (currently available on iOS).

Eric also published a new piece titled ‘Breaking Down Ethereum Wallets Options’ - have a read of that here.

Developers, developers, developers - they are the beating heart of Ethereum and Compound has put together some great resources for them.

Have a great week everyone!

Community Member SpotlightThis week we’re highlighting the great work of Protolambda!

Keep up the great work Protolambda!

Curated by Anthony Sassano (@sassal0x) and Eric Conner (@econoar)🙃 So that happened…What an insane week - where to even begin?

The crypto markets got absolutely destroyed (we saw double digit ETH again!)

The high gas fees led to some CDPs/Vaults being completely liquidated - that is, no ETH collateral was leftover at all.

I wont’t give any hot takes on coronavirus here, but be sure to tune in to this weeks weekly recap podcast to hear Eric and I’s thoughts on everything.

Have a great week everyone!

A small note this week - as this is edition #104 of the newsletter, it means that it’s the newsletter’s 2nd birthday!

It was another big week for ProgPoW but as the title states, ProgPoW is pretty much dead at this point.

Oh and something unrelated to ProgPoW - EthHub is now an official High Priest!

Have a great week everyone!

Justin Sun has seized control of the Steem blockchain – with the apparent help of several prominent crypto exchanges.

This EIP resulted in a tonne of arguments/drama on Twitter which I won’t summarise here (look for that in our weekly recap podcast).

Alright, enough ProgPoW talk - I just quickly wanted to mention that EthHub has now been accepted into the High Priests (just in time for Gitcoin CLR matching round 5)!

If you’re unfamiliar with High Priests, it’s basically a coordination mechanism for open source funding that mixes social and economic capital.

Project UpdatesLoopring Exchange is the first publicly accessible zkRollup exchange on Ethereum mainnet.

You can now send and receive ETH and tokens using your ENS name right inside of the popular Coinbase Wallet mobile app.

I won’t rehash the arguments here, but Eric and I will be covering it on this weeks weekly recap podcast.

Have a great week everyone!

Ben also revealed his new project, The Ethereum 2.0 Annotated Specification, which attempts to annotate the Ethereum 2.0 specs (phase 0, phase 1, phase 2 and SSZ).

Community Member SpotlightThis week we’re highlighting the great work of Alex Van de Sande!

Keep up the great work Alex!

The outpouring of support for EthHub was amazing and I can’t thank you all enough for the kind words.

I’ll be discussing a bit more of my experience at ETHDenver on our weekly recap podcast (which will go out a day later this week).

Investment banking giant JPMorgan is reportedly in discussions to merge its blockchain unit Quorum with Ethereum development studio ConsenSys.

This week, they went live on the Ethereum mainnet so you can check them out now.

The Enjin all-in-one blockchain development platform went live on the Ethereum mainnet this week.

In this edition of Build Blockchain, we'll explore these two token projects, how they work, and what they might mean for Ethereum and all of crypto.

Users can buy and sell the tokens freely, and it's even possible to own fractional amounts.

To receive the physical tape, users must "pay" with exactly one token.

Community Points are subreddit specific ERC20 tokens that are issued to users based on their contributions.

RAC's $TAPE token is "just a stunt."

Sometime in the next couple of days, the 630,000th Bitcoin block will be mined.

A Pseudonymous ShadowThese kinds of debates also betray something else about the crypto world: we're still living in Satoshi Nakamoto's shadow.

Is becoming a reserve currency held by nation states the only worthy aspiration for Bitcoin?

Rather, we can see it as the reserve currency of the internet itself.

If Bitcoin is destined to be the reserve currency of the self-sovereign internet, it follows we're just getting started.

The four projects I identified as needing to ship this year are Filecoin, Taproot, Ethereum 2.0, and Polkdadot.

For any one of these projects, failure to ship would leave their respective network in a precarious position.

Unlike many who raised large sums of money during that hype driven bubble, the Filecoin team has actually been putting their money to use, building out what they promised.

First, on April 19th, we saw the launch of new testnet, codenamed Topaz, running the Prysm Ethereum 2.0 client built by Prylabs.

Link It's important to remember that this is only the first of three phases for Ethereum 2.0, and its functionality will be limited merely to staking and producing blocks.

In the past week, there have been two notable hacks of Decentralized Finance smart contracts running on Ethereum, both involving a token called imBTC.

The Ninja MineThe Steem network launched in 2016 as a Proof-of-Work blockchain aimed at rewarding content creators.

Under DPoS, any Steem holder can vote for block producers proportional to their holdings.

To my surprise, that's not what happened.The Steem community, which as I mentioned before is surprisingly vibrant, rallied.

Link Stuck in this limbo, the Steem community formulated plans for the future.

The hostile takeover of Steem network was a dramatic reminder of the real nature of decentralized governance: underneath it all, everything ultimately depends on social consensus.

As the western world enters its second month of the coronavirus crisis, it seems the absolute worst case public health scenarios have come off the table.

This week, the Thesis team, which is behind the TBTC project, announced they had raised $7.7 M via a token sale.

TBTC is a project which aims to create a trust minimized bridge allowing Bitcoin to be transferred to the Ethereum network.

Bitcoin On EthereumIf successful, the TBTC project will make Bitcoin available as a standard ERC-20 token on Ethereum.

The tBTC token (yes, the token is referred to with a lowercase "t") could be added as a form of collateral in MakerDAO, for example.

In this system, anyone can become a "signer" that participates in securing deposits on the Bitcoin network and minting tBTC on Ethereum.

On Thursday, March 12th, 2020, as the seriousness of the emerging covid19 pandemic began to set in around the world, global markets sold off. Stocks, bonds, precious metals, and commodities all dropped precipitously. Crypto was not immune.

It's mid-morning on Friday, March 20th, 2020…

More broadly, though, the fierce debate betrays a harsh reality of the world: governance is always messy process, and so-called decentralized governance is messier still.

ProgPoW: A Very Brief HistoryThe new mining algorithm, called ProgPoW, is a modification to the existing Ethash algorithm aimed at limiting the upside of specialized mining hardware.

While Ethash itself was designed to be resistant to ASICs, hardware manufacturers eventually found ways to gain significant advantages over commodity hardware, like GPUs, which can run in any computer.

The community is deeply divided on an issue where a clear cut method to weigh the options simply doesn't exist.

Governance is messy and hard ev…

Earlier this month, the smart contract based lending protocol called Fulcrom, which is built on top of Ethereum by the team at bZx, was exploited on two separate occasions. In total, nearly $1 Million worth of ETH was taken. In both instances, the attacker (or attackers) leveraged so-called "flash loans" to manipulate markets and make off with Ether.

Last weekend, from February 14th through 16th, several thousand enthusiasts gathered in Colorado's capital for the third annual ETHDenver conference and hackathon.

In this week's edition, I'll also give you a brief summary of some of the projects built during the hackathon, including my own team's work.

Throughout the weekend, a few of you introduced yourselves and had kind words to say about this newsletter.

It provided a guide to the various presentation stages, break rooms, maker spaces, game rooms, and hackathon work areas setup throughout the building.

The HackathonDespite telling myself I wouldn't, I stayed up all night to work on a hackathon submission.

Aztec uses a much more complex architecture to achieve this confidentiality, starting with the use of zero knowledge proofs.

Link Another example of how gas considerations impact Aztec's architecture comes in the choice of zero knowledge proof chosen.

LinkzkDai And BeyondIn the current version of Aztec, zero knowledge proofs enable you to transfer funds between accounts without revealing the amount transferred in each instance.

The addresses involved in the transaction are still visible, though the Aztec team claims future versions will shield even these details.

The Aztec team has already announced their intention to create zk-versions of Ether and wrapped Bitcoin.

This week, the total value of the Dai stable coin held in PoolTogether— a smart contract based "no loss" lottery built on Ethereum— reached $1 Million for the first time.

Second, existing token-exchange oriented interoperability protocols, such as atomic cross-chain swaps (ACCS) , are not generic enough to realize cross-chain dApps.

Within this programming framework, a blockchain-neutral and extensible model is proposed to describe cross-chain dApps, and a high-level programming language to write cross-chain dApps under the proposed programming model.

A prototype is implemented in approximately 35,000 lines of code and evaluated with three categories of cross-chain dApps.

Authors: Zhuotao Liu*†, Yangxi Xiang‡, Jian Shi, Peng Gao✜, Haoyu Wang‡, Xusheng Xiao†§, Bihan Wen#, and Yih-Chun Hu*†,Affiliations: * University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, † HyperServic…

Both protocols are suitable candidates for it, as in both protocols “service providers” are a necessary part.

Paper Title: Towards a Decentralized Digital Engineering Assets Marketplace: Empowered by Model-based Systems Engineering and Distributed Ledger Technology.

Authors: Foteini Baldimtsi*, Varun Madathil†, Alessandra Scafuro†, and Linfeng Zhou†,Affiliations: * George Mason University and † North Carolina State University.

Paper Title: QuickSync: A Quickly Synchronizing PoS-Based Blockchain Protocol.

Summary: A novel PoS-based blockchain protocol to achieve security against fully adaptive corruptions without compromising on performance.

Instead of coding incorrect behavior, the proposed work runs faulty nodes in two (or generally, k) parallel universes in tandem.

Paper Title: Storing and Retrieving Secrets on a Blockchain.

Paper Title: JaxNet: Scalable Blockchain Network.

Paper Title: From Byzantine Replication to Blockchain: Consensus is only the Beginning.

Paper Title: Applying Blockchain Layer2 Technology to Mass E-Commerce.

Issue #54Paper of the Week:Paper Title: Can a Blockchain Keep a Secret?

TLDR: Imagine posting an encrypted will to a blockchain to be opened only when the blockchain reaches consensus that the subject died.

Paper Title: A Retrospective Analysis of User Exposure to (Illicit) Cryptocurrency Mining on the Web.

Authors: Shuyang Tang*‡, Qingzhao Zhang†, Zhengfeng Gao*, Jilai Zheng*, and Dawu Gu*,Affiliations: * Shanghai Jiao Tong University, † University of Michigan, and ‡ Cryptape Information Technology Co.2.

Paper Title: Cryptocurrencies as Property: Ruscoe and Moore v Cryptopia Limited (In Liquidation) [2020] NZHC 728.

Issue #53Paper of the Week:Paper Title: Pointproofs: Aggregating Proofs for Multiple Vector Commitments.

In many distributed applications, the commitments, values, and proofs come from multiple sources that are not even aware of each other’s data.

Paper Title: Hierarchical One-out-of-Many Proofs With Applications to Blockchain Privacy and Ring Signatures.

Paper Title: A System Dynamics Model of Bitcoin: Mining as an Efficient Market and the Possibility of ‘Peak Hash’.

Paper Title: The Law of Blockchain.

It is a well-known fact that non-interactive zero-knowledge requires some shared randomness, or a common reference string.

The paper formally proves that the proposed mechanism produces a secure reference string by providing an analysis in the universal composition framework.

Paper Title: Accountability in a Permissioned Blockchain: Formal Analysis of Hyperledger Fabric.

Paper Title: Multichain-MWPoW: A p/2 Adversary Power Resistant Blockchain Sharding Approach to a Decentralised Autonomous Organisation Architecture.

Paper Title: Mechanism Design with Blockchain Enforcement.

Issue #51Paper of the Week:Paper Title: A PoR/PoS-Hybrid Blockchain: Proof of Reputation with Nakamoto Fallback.

Paper Title: Probing Channel Balances in the Lightning Network.

Paper Title: Attacking with bitcoin: Using Bitcoin to Build Resilient Botnet Armies.

Paper Title: SmartCoAuth: Smart-Contract privacy preservation mechanism on querying sensitive records in the cloud.

Paper Title: Decentralized Governance of Digital Platforms.

Paper Title: An Empirical Analysis of Privacy in the Lightning Network.

Paper Title: State of Stablecoins (2019)Summary: The report presents new insights and data on stablecoins, an innovative and rapidly evolving sector of the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

Paper Title: Decentralized Governance of Blockchain Platforms.

Authors: Yan Chen*, Igor Pereira†, and Pankaj C. Patel‡,Affiliations: * Stevens Institute of Technology, † Florida State University, and ‡ Villanova University.

Paper Title: Knowing Your Customer: Empirical Implications for Raising Capital through Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs).

State channels extend the concept of payment channels to states in order to support smart contracts.

Multi-party state channels introduce significant conceptual and engineering overhead beyond layer-one solutions: the contract state must be verified in a non-native representation.

These are state channels that reuse the exact state representation of the underlying ledger and, hence, inherit the ledger’s scripting system as well.

Summary: A flexible n/2 adversary node resistant blockchain protocol that can adjust the class number, shard number, and shard size based on the workload.

Authors: Lin William Cong*, Xi Li†, Ke Tang‡, and Yang Yang‡,Affiliations: * Cornell University, † University o…

Issue #48Paper of the Week:Paper Title: Toward Active and Passive Confidentiality Attacks On Cryptocurrency Off-Chain Networks.

Off-chain networks, a.k.a.

Paper Title: Testimonium: A Cost-Efficient Blockchain Relay.

Affiliations: * Texas A&M University, † University of Edinburgh, and ‡ IOHK.

Paper Title: Digital Transformation in the Hedge Fund and Private Equity Industry.

Paper Title: Modeling the Impact of Network Connectivity on Consensus Security of Proof-of-Work Blockchain.

Paper Title: Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: The Pitfalls of a Trustless Dream.

Paper Title: Blockchain and Investment: An Austrian Approach.

Paper Title: Blockchain, Fractional Ownership, and the Future of Creative Work.

Paper Title: Assessing the Viability of Blockchain to Impact the Antiquities Trade.

Issue #46Paper of the Week:Paper Title: Bitcoin Crypto–Bounties for Quantum Capable Adversaries.

Paper Title: Proof of Necessary Work: Succinct State Verification with Fairness Guarantees.

Paper Title: Characterizing EOSIO Blockchain.

Paper Title: Blockchain using Proof-of-Interaction.

Paper Title: Reports of a Blockchain Revolution in Trade Finance Are Greatly Exaggerated.

Issue #45Paper of the Week:Paper Title: Smart Contract Derivatives.

TLDR: Smart contracts on blockchain platforms have limited capabilities even when developed in Turing Complete languages such as Solidity.

Paper Title: Efficient Fair Multiparty Protocols using Blockchain and Trusted Hardware.

Paper Title: Blockchain Governance: What We Can Learn From the Economics of Corporate Governance.

Paper Title: Smart Contracts for Securities Transactions on the DLT Platform (Blockchain): Legal Obstacles and Regulatory Challenges.

Issue #44Paper of the Week:Paper Title: Ant Routing scalability for the Lightning Network.

Ant Routing is a completely decentralized routing algorithm which does not require beacon nodes nor routing tables.

The goal of this article is to estimate the performance of Ant Routing, and propose more precise and efficient implementation.

The conservative estimates presented show that Ant Routing can sustain more than 10,000 transactions per second.

Paper Title: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) as Subjects of Law – the Recognition of DAOs in the Swiss Legal Order.

Welcome to Jane’s Newsletter by me, Jane Stone.

Sharing knowledge and reading books is my hobbySign up now so you don’t miss the first issue.

In the meantime, tell your friends!

Welcome to Issue #21 of Our Network, the newsletter about on-chain analytics that reaches almost 2000 crypto investors every week.

Miner revenue, which is composed of block rewards and transaction fees, is critical to the overall security of the Bitcoin network.

Over the long run the Bitcoin network will need to become more reliant on transaction fees to make up for that lost revenue.Interestingly, Bitcoin fees have been surging in the few days after the halving.

A sustained surge in transaction fees would be good for miner revenue, and an overall positive sign for the long-term health of the network.

These metrics take the ratio between network valuation (market cap or realised cap) and th…

Loyalty: Tezos is all about delegated proof of stake and its community is very close knit so we were interested in visualizing the behavior of delegators over time.

We see that a genesis wave of staking occurred during the first 4 months, then a second wave followed with the price surge in Spring 2019 and a third much larger wave followed in Nov 2019 when custodial staking opened.

Long-term hodlers who dominate Tezos are very loyal to their bakers: out of the 35.5k currently active delegators 27.5k (77.5%) have never left.

Over time only half of all delegators became disloyal at all and only 14% have switched baker multiple times.

Delegators who leave eventually stick on average of one year…

Aave Watch also has a breakdown of the fees by asset which shows how much has been collected, how much is yet to be collected, and how much comes from Flash Loans.

A 0.09% fee is collected from every Flash Loan.

70% of this fee goes to reward depositors, and the remaining 30% is split 80/20, with the 20% from that going to 3rd party integrators/referrals (source).

As you can see, the majority of flash loans occur using ETH, DAI, and USDC, while USDC and sUSD have collected the largest share of fees on Aave.

Welcome to Issue #19 of Our Network, a weekly newsletter about on-chain metrics and crypto analytics that reaches almost 2000 investors every week.

The next graph again looks at average trade size over the past 60 days, but related to each asset class available on the platform.

Adding to the previous data, we can see the breakdown of average trade size per volume based cohort.

Almost $250,000,000 USD worth of goods or services have been purchased in the first 12 months via CHAI and the Terra network.

One impressive last fact is the amount of fees collected by the Terra network until now.

Welcome to Issue #18 of Our Network, a weekly newsletter about on-chain metrics and crypto analytics that reaches almost 2000 investors every week.

Although the Polkadot mainnet has not yet been released, an early-release and unaudited version of the code has been used to produce the network Kusama.

Note that Kusama is not a testnet; it is a network existing in its own right and on which teams are currently building.

The number of Substrate nodes being tracked by telemetry continues to increase.

This is actually lower than the hashrate we were seeing in March since we last checked in for Handshake on Our Network Issue #13.

DAO deposits.

The native token of Nervos CKB is known as CKByte or CKB for short.

By depositing in the Nervos DAO, the CKB holdings will never be diluted by secondary issuance.

Below is a graph showing the growth of Nervos Dao deposits since mainnet launch.

As of writing, 4.94 billion CKB (~34.9% of the circulating supply) is locked in Nervos DAO at 3.47% APC (annual percentage compensation).

Welcome to Issue #17 of Our Network, a weekly newsletter about on-chain metrics and crypto analytics that reaches almost 2000 investors every week.

Dai lending rates on dYdX and Compound went wild as there was a massive demand for Dai amid the liquidity crisis.

Since then, Dai lending rates have experienced a steep downturn as lending rates across DeFi protocols struggle to offer anything substantial relative to historical yields.

One of the more interesting things to note with Dai lending rates is Nuo’s “step-ladder” decrease in rates over the past 30 days.

While it was apparent that the DSR was one of the main drivers behind Dai lending rates, it seems that the DSR also has an effect on U…

The topic at issue was ZEIP 76, a meta-ZEIP for standardizing the ZEIP process itself.

It was, however, the first vote after the introduction of the new ZRX token economics in v3.

However, since half of the voting power remains with stakers, the stakers can collectively cancel out the vote of the operator should they choose to do so.

With 8.4M ZRX in voting power represented, the vote was the largest ZRX turnout for a vote yet, surpassing the vote for v3 of the protocol (which represented 6.6M ZRX).

Most of the ZRX voting power represented belonged to staking pool operators.

This is in contrast to traditional market capitalization which values each unit of supply uniformly at the current market price.

Historically, the periods where market cap has dropped below realized cap have been some of the best times to buy Bitcoin.

Together the top 5 custodial exchanges manage 136M tez (21% staking supply, 16.4% total supply).

Around 3% (10M staking supply owned by bakers and another 7M delegated to them) went inactive during March.

Contributor: Chjango Unchained, Director of Community at CosmosInter-blockchain Communication (IBC): IBC is the flagship digital asset and data transfer protocol for communicating value across bespoke blockchains.

Before we dive into this week’s issue, I wanted to share that Our Network is officially live on Gitcoin Grants!

A lack of Dai liquidity was one of the main reasons that the liquidation auctions ended poorly.

To illustrate, Pearson correlation coefficient between ETH and DAI price (both 24h rolling VWAP) for last month measures -0.82.

The total amount of USDC collateral is 11.725m, and the total debt from this is 6.838M Dai (171% collateralization ratio).

It’s also worth noting that whales dominate these Vaults: The largest Vault represents 41% of total USDC Dai debtThe 5 largest Vaults represent 78% of total USDC Dai debtThe 10 largest Vaults represent 88%.

Supply: The total circulating supply of HNS was hampered during the period of transfer lockups, reflecting only mining rewards, that is, until transfers were unlocked on February 13th, when the blockchain surpassed 2016 blocks.

The subsequent and sudden increase in total circulatory supply jumped by 63%, increasing the total circulating supply from 3.7M to 237.8M, over the course of 24 hours.

The majority of those transaction activities are characterized by airdrop redemptions.

While airdrop amounts were pre-allocated to recipients, the allocated amounts did not count toward circulating supply until airdrops were redeemed.

Fun fact: As to be expected anytime there is financial incentive inv…

Economic activity of Chainlink oracle networks in aggregate has been steadily increasing since mainnet launch on May 30th, 2019.

This is due to a combination of fluctuations in the price of the ERC677 token LINK (used to request data from nodes), an increase in active nodes, and an expanding array of oracle networks.

In total, node payments have increased from $400 of LINK per day to approximately $7,000 of LINK per day, a growth of 17.5x.

Payments per day have become more volatile as oracle networks can update on a static schedule (e.g.

This chart shows the LINK payments to each node per day, multiplied by the LINK/USD close price each day.

Welcome to Issue #11 of Our Network, a weekly newsletter where top blockchain projects and communities share data-driven insights and advanced metrics.

Notably, DEX aggregator 1inch is driving slightly more of the network traffic than the last time we looked at this chart.

Uniswap LPs win when trading fees surpass the opportunity cost of not holding ETH.

Over the past month, 0x weekly volume increased roughly 6x, up from ~$5M per week to ~$30M per week.

After a gas price competition, the winning arbitrage bot paid a whopping 6 ETH (~$1,400) in gas costs and an additional 6 ETH in 0x protocol fees, showing the new token economics in action.

Editor’s NoteWelcome to Issue #10 of Our Network, a weekly newsletter where top blockchain projects and their communities share data-driven insights and advanced metrics.

Before we get into this week’s network updates, I wanted to take a brief moment and thank you for being a subscriber to Our Network.

The chart below shows these issuance curves alongside the total DCR bound in tickets (Y-axis is proportion of circulating supply).

Our Network is a weekly newsletter where top blockchain projects and their communities share data-driven insights.

Subscribe now to receive a crash course in on-chain metrics and crypto fundamentals, and never miss an issue.

In this edition of the Blockchain Research Newsletter, we are covering a protocol for solving data availability attacks in blockchains called SPAR (Sparse Fraud Protection) which leverages a new accumulator called a Coded Merkle Tree.

This paper was recently published by Yu et al., and provides an efficient data availability scheme for light clients.

One of the first proposals for using erasure coding to combat data availability was by Buterin.

Coded Merkle TreesA coded merkle tree (CMT) is a modified merkle tree in which every layer of the merkle tree is erasure coded.

It makes use of a novel hash-based accumulator called coded merkle tree in order to guarantee its efficiencies.

In this edition of the Blockchain Research Newsletter, we are covering a well-understood but informally defined concept, Proof-of-Burn.

Moreover, in this paper, the authors provide a general Proof-of-Burn protocol that can be used for any cryptocurrency.

In addition to providing this protocol, they go into depth about a particular use case for a Proof-of-Burn protocol: bootstrapping a new cryptocurrency.

ProtocolThe authors provide a Proof-of-Burn protocol that satisfy all the properties previously discussed.

Moreover, we went over a construction of a Proof-of-Burn protocol that the authors proposed that satisfy the various definitions given for secure Proof-of-Burn protocols.

In this edition of the Blockchain Research Newsletter, we will be covering Incentives in Ethereum’s Hybrid Casper Protocol by Vitalik Buterin et al.

This paper provides a mathematical framework for analyzing the incentives of Casper FFG as originally planned in EIP1011.

Moreover, it analyzes the liveness and safety properties of Casper FFG and shows that the hybrid Casper protocol provides better guarantees than pure PoW.

Casper FFG DescriptionAt its core, Casper FFG is a smart contract deployed onto a PoW chain with enough expressiveness like Ethereum.

Eventually, the total stake controlled by voting validators will reach and exceed ⅔ of the total stake.

In this edition of the Blockchain Research Newsletter, we will go through Towards a Functional Fee Market for Cryptocurrencies, a paper that proposes an alternative fee system to the current way blockchain networks price transaction fees.

This results in a saw-tooth-like pattern for transaction fees.

Just as in GFPs, the highest bidder gets the highest slot, the second highest bidder gets the second highest slot, etc.

A miner looking to make a profit will select the K highest bids or all available bids if there are less than K bids available.

A block is full if it has K transactions or it has fewer than K transactions and pays a fill penalty, which is (K - # of tx in block) * fee paid by ea…

In this edition of the Blockchain Research Newsletter, we summarize two proposals for developing trust-minimized light-clients for proof-of-work blockchains: Non-Interactive Proofs of Proof of Work (NIPoPoWs) and FlyClient.

It only needs to store a logarithmic number of block headers and provides strong mechanisms for ensuring the validity of these block headers.

Block headers need to include a Merkle root to a MMR that contains commitments to all the previous block headers of the chain.

Both are designed to have a light client only store a logarithmic number of block headers instead of a linear number of block headers.

The authors of FlyClient show that FlyClient can provide up to a 40% im…

In this edition of the Blockchain Research Newsletter, we will be summarizing and comparing two papers on blockchain privacy solutions, Zexe (Zero Knowledge Execution) and Zether.

Before we deep dive into Zexe, we will go over the Zerocash protocol upon which Zexe is based on.

Then, we will go over the DPC scheme that makes up the core of the Zexe protocol.

As such, Zether is a layer 2 privacy solution for account-based blockchain systems, whereas Zexe provides a privacy-preserving scripting language on top of a UTXO-based blockchain system.

ConclusionIn summary, Zexe proposes a new UTXO-based blockchain protocol that not only provides functional privacy but also data privacy.

Blockchain Research Newsletter #1: Avalancheby Mikerah and John AdlerIn this edition, we will be focusing on a novel family of leaderless consensus protocols introduced by an anonymous group called Team Rocket.

Finally, Snowball is augmented using a DAG structure to store and order transactions to create Avalanche.

If the node doesn’t get enough queries, then it’ll query the network again until it gets k queries back.

Surprising enough, in order to get Snowflake from Slush, all we need to do is add a counter to Slush.

The nodes keep on increasing the counter by 1 until a query returns a different color than its current color.

Parallel Chains, a method set forth by the IOHK research team, aims to provide a method to scaling both PoW- and PoS-based blockchain protocols.

Parallel Chains in Proof of Stake settingThe presentation of Parallel Chains in a PoS settings assumes that Ouroboros Praos is the PoS algorithm.

Roughly, Parallel Chains in the PoS setting involved running m copies of the slightly modified Ouroboros protocol in parallel such that all of these copies maintain a joint blockchain.

Parallel Chains in Proof of Work settingA key distinction between Proof-of-Work chains and Proof-of-Stake chains is the complete lack of a synchronized clock in the former.

For Parallel Chains with transaction sharding, thi…

The author of this publication will no doubt be publishing their first edition soon.

In the meantime, you can find out more about Substack at substack.com.

(Publishers can delete this post by finding it in the “Posts” section of of the dashboard, clicking “Edit” on the Coming Soon post, clicking “Setting”s at the bottom, then clicking “Delete Post”.

But don’t delete it something has been published to take its place – otherwise, this homepage will look empty.)

Here are some other Substack publications worth checking out:

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Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.

This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks.

The action you just performed triggered the security solution.

There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.

You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked.

Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.

This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks.

The action you just performed triggered the security solution.

There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.

You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked.

Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.

This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks.

The action you just performed triggered the security solution.

There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.

You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked.

Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.

This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks.

The action you just performed triggered the security solution.

There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.

You can email t