Начнем с начала.

«В начале сотворил Бог небо и землю».

Как вы думаете, на каком языке это предложение представлено выше?

Шломо Изреэль о мифах, существующих вокруг иврита, его связи с идишем и о том, как дети учат ивриту своих родителей

Лингвист Алан Ченки о том, что такое когнитивная метафора, как она формирует новую реальность и почему мы говорим аналогиями

Лингвист Александр Пиперски о «хороших» и «плохих» слогах и о том, почему они существуют в языке

Лингвист Анатолий Баранов о том, в каких случаях назначается экспертиза текста и как устанавливается авторство

Как невербальные средства общения взаимодействуют с языком, какие функции выполняют жесты и чем различаются коммуникативные системы людей и животных

Екатерина Рахилинадоктор филологических наук, профессор, руководитель направления «Фундаментальная и прикладная лингвистика» факультета гуманитарных наук Высшей школы экономики, ведущий научный сотрудник Отдела лингвистического источниковедения ИРЯ РАН, член Экспертного совета ВАК РФ по филологии и искусствоведению

Что делает фантастику такой увлекательной, как устроены воображаемые миры Толкина и Роулинг и как создавались квенья и синдарин

Лингвист Борис Орехов о том, как установить авторство художественного текста, при чем здесь язык программирования и о загадке «Тихого Дона»

Лингвист Александр Пиперски о том, почему изменяются слова в речи из-за схожести звуков и как на это влияют физиологические особенности говорящего

Что читать о взаимоотношении звуков в языках мира, чередовании звуков и превращении глубинных структур мозга в произносимые цепочки звуков, рекомендует лингвист Александр Пиперски

Как и большинство произведений древнегреческой литературы, «Рес» и «Прометей прикованный» дошли до нас в благодаря тому, что их копии сохранили византийцы.

Аргументы скептиков сводились к тому, что в остальных пьесах Эсхил демонстрирует почтение к Зевсу, а в «Прометее» тот выступает как жестокий тиран и самодур.

При этом в «Троянках» 7398 слов, а в «Ресе» — 5628.

В пару объединяются сначала тексты А и В, расстояния между которыми наименьшие.

«Рес» выделен синим цветом, «Прометей прикованный» красным ПоделитьсяЗдесь кажется, что подозрения скептиков имеют под собой основания: и «Рес», и «Прометей прикованный» выбиваются из рядов других текстов.

Чтобы правильно интерпретировать научный текст без изменения его смысла, нужно знать язык на высокопрофессиональном уровне.

Поэтому к переводу текстов, посвященных различными сферами науки, необходимо привлекать людей, имеющих смежную квалификацию в определенном направлении.

Они знают, как правильно оформлять квалификационные научные работы переводят стандартные сокращения, не допускают отклонения от формулировок либо определенного применения терминологии.

Услуга поможет, чтобы:Опубликоваться в сборнике материалов международной конференцииОпубликоваться в журнале, индексируемом в WoS (SCI, SCIE, SSCI, A&HCI, ESCI)Опубликоваться в журнале ВАК или индексируемом в RSCIОпубликоваться в журнале,…

Среди всех языков мира самым популярным и широко распространённым является английский — именно по этой причине желающих записаться на языковые курсы по этому языку больше всего.

Но чтобы изучить английский, вовсе не обязательно тратиться на дорогие языковые школы и репетиторов — иногда достаточно обзавестись парой хороших обучающих книг.

Регулярные практики аудирования и устной речиСамым эффективным в изучении английского языка можно назвать комплексный подход, сочетающий в себе теорию и практику в правильных сбалансированных пропорциях.

Можно использовать для этого как англоязычные не дублированные фильмы и музыку, так и специальные обучающие материалы.

Устную речь можно оттачивать не толь…

Скорость и раньше была в приоритете над точностью, а с выходом журналистики на просторы социальных сетей фейк-ньюс стали похожи на лесные пожары: невозможно определить, где и когда они начинаются и как их остановить.

Великий американский ученый Ричард Фейнман, Нобелевский лауреат и «физик-пофигист», называл науку «культурой сомнения» и считал, что главный ее принцип — не одурачить самого себя.

Будьте скептикомНет, это не значит, что никому нельзя доверять (это называется цинизмом и не имеет ничего общего с наукой).

Мы падали, когда учились ходить, делали ошибки, изучая языки, и не раз становились жертвой фейк-ньюс, пытаясь узнать правду.

Личный опыт был и остается лучшим способом получить а…

StoryCorps — это крупный цифровой архив-коллекция записей человеческих голосов преимущественно из США и Латинской Америки.

В нее входят публичные разговоры и записи из мобильных туров, интервью и беседы в специальных будках StoryBooths.

Копии разговоров с разрешения участников отправляются в Американский центр народной жизни в Библиотеке Конгресса и на сайт.

Проект StoryCorps Legacy помогает людям с серьезными заболеваниями и их родственникам через сотрудничество с больницами, клиниками и хосписами.

По данным за 2019 год, 96% респондентов сообщили, что проект «познакомил» их с людьми, которые отличаются от них.

Четвертого августа около шести часов вечера по местному времени в порту Бейрута произошел взрыв, по мощности и ущербу сопоставимый с землетрясением магнитудой 4.5.

И это не окраины, а многоэтажные дома и густонаселенные районы.

Особенно это актуально в удаленных и труднодоступных регионах, но и в городе спутниковые снимки помогают специалистам, в том числе наглядно показывая масштаб трагедии.

На месте склада, где хранился груз, образовалась воронка, а элеватор (на снимке в левой части экрана) после взрыва оказался почти полностью разрушен.

Да-да, это Кипр — в его столице Никосии был слышен звук взрыва (это обозначено фиолетовым пунктиром).

При помощи инструмента «Keywords» можно выявить отдельные слова и словосочетания, наиболее типичные для корпуса и определяющие его содержание и тему.

Мы решили найти ключевые слова для подкорпусов «До Революции и «После Революции», выбрав значение параметра N=1.

Что в дореволюционном, что в послереволюционном подкорпусе и ключевые слова, и ключевые словосочетания — образы, даже какие-то обыденные.

На этапе Революции и в предреволюционные годы он славит человека, его могущество и всесилие, видит, какое великое будущее ему пророчат скорые перемены в стране.

Маяковский чувствует себя более ненужным и лишним в стране Советов, чувствует, что его никто не слышит и не слушает.

В начале октября стало известно об экологической катастрофе на Камчатке.

Сотни мертвых морских животных на пляжах, ухудшение здоровья людей и непоправимый (по крайней мере, в ближайшем будущем) ущерб экосистеме уникального региона — все это, возможно, только верхушка айсберга.

А если у фото есть и данные о времени съемки, и о локации, то такие фотографии могут помочь восстановить хронологию событий на Камчатке.

Все желающие могут загрузить свои фото, если у них есть пространственные метаданные — пока загрузка ведется в ручном режиме, а данные принимаются на электронную почту.

Формирование такой базы фотографий позволит специалистам оценить, что происходило в регионе в течение последних неде…

В своей книге Кулен фокусируется на оценке произведения читателями в зависимости от пола автора и реальных достоинств и недостатков текста.

Значение B — регрессионный коэффициент, который показывает здесь, насколько сильно и в какую сторону меняется оценка качества в зависимости от каждого признака.

Такой результат наблюдается не только в общем корпусе, но и в таком «мужском» жанре, как детектив.

И действительно, ядерная оценка плотности четырех LIWC категорий показала небольшую разницу в употреблении слов между авторами-мужчинами и женщинами.

Обучение проводилось на корпусе the Riddle, а оценка модели проводилась сразу на двух корпусах: the Riddle и Nominees.

Так как робот передает детали или инструменты «из рук в руки», то он может быть полезен на производствах и в медицине.

В 2012 году в Bionic Handling Assistant добавили функцию распознавания изображения и речи.

Технологию хотят внедрить не только в гражданскую авиацию, разведку, полицию и службы ЧС, но и в защиту окружающей среды и городское планирование.

Воздух в той или иной из них позволяет сгибать и растягивать модули на 62% в любом направлении до 255 градусов.

Устройство могут использовать в мониторинге местности, разведке на опасных участках, в поисково-спасательных операциях и доставке лекарств в больничные палаты.

Sketch Engine может быть полезен не только исследователям-лингвистам и филологам, но и лексикографам, переводчикам и тем, кто изучает и преподает язык.

Он ищет слова и словосочетания, которые задает пользователь, оценивает частоту их появления и показывает, в каких контекстах встречаются заданные пользователем слова в корпусе.

1 — Скетч слова «человек» в подкорпусе «До революции»2 — Скетч слова «человек» в подкорпусе «После революции»Перед нами результаты частотного анализа слова «человек» в поэзии Маяковского.

Отсюда, вероятно, и иронические нотки в поздней поэзии Маяковского, и его обличительные высказывания в адрес безвольных обывателей, и мотив одиночества в толпе, который усиливается г…

человеческом) языке через голосовых помощников, таких как Алиса, Siri, Cortana, Alexa и т.п.

Парадигма CASA (Computers are social actors) утверждает, что люди ожидают от искусственного интеллекта соблюдения тех же поведенческих и этических норм, что и от человека.

Alexa от Amazon и Алиса от Яндекса — тоже девушки и говорят женским голосом.

Alexa, Google Assistant и Алиса демонстрируют потенциал зрелого эмоционального интеллекта, когда пользователь говорит, что ему грустно или одиноко.

«Чем больше система похожа на человека, тем шире ожидания у людей», — говорит Жюстин Касселл, профессор компьютерных наук.

Убийца — дворецкийС одной стороны, художественная литература вполне предсказуема: если она вписывается в жанровые конвенции, мы знаем, чего ожидать.

Дальше они разбили тексты на предложения и с помощью языковой модели попытались восстановить их последовательность.

Оказалось, что на выдуманных историях модель работает лучше.

Метод, который он использовал, похож на метод Сапа и коллег: он разбивал тексты на предложения и с помощью нейронной сети BERT восстанавливал их.

Однако они отмечают важные для будущих исследований черты: например, что в ряде случаев расшифровать последовательность событий в художественной прозе бывает даже легче, чем в нон-фикшене.

Исследование его работ показало, что более трех десятков его картин написаны некачественными масляными красками и с применением некачественных грунтов.

Для принятия решения Третьяковская галерея пригласила западных специалистов, которые предложили несколько вариантов для реставрации — методика «холодного дублирования», компьютерное моделирование процессов старения реставрационных материалов, комбинированные методы различных типов визуализаций.

Большие полотна, такие как «Иван Грозный и сын его Иван» (2×2,54 м), сканируют фрагментарно и соединяют части воедино.

ГМИИ имени Пушкина при реставрации и диджитализации объектов культурного наследия использует технологию реставрационной съемки, кото…

Географические информационные системы или ГИС — системы для сбора, хранения, анализа и визуализации пространственных данных в цифровой форме — широко используются в гуманитарных исследованиях.

Требуется инструмент, который позволит представить исторические процессы в пространстве и провести более глубокий анализ, основываясь на их визуализации.

Например, чем больше перемещений индвида из пункта А в пункт В, тем линия, соединяющая точки А и В на карте, толще.

В случае с исторической информатикой (одним из методов исследования в которой и является геохронологический трекинг) все ровно наоборот.

На основании статистически значимых документов можно, например, проанализировать объективные тенден…

На сайте «Виртуальный Русский музей»Портал «Виртуальный музей» собрал всю информацию о деятельности Русского музея в сфере информационных технологий воедино.

Искусство социалистического реализма» (2019 год) — проходила в филиале Русского в г. Малага (Испания)Центр мультимедиаВ-третьих, портал Русского музея позволяет изучить электронную экспозицию Центра мультимедиа.

Виртуальный филиал«Русский музей: виртуальный филиал» — это межрегиональный и международный проект, воплощающий идею доступности крупнейшей в России коллекции русского искусства самой широкой аудитории за пределами Санкт-Петербурга.

С 2013 года Русский музей работает над реализацией проекта преобразования Михайловского замка в …

Но этот показатель можно считать средней температурой по больнице: процент женщин существенно разнится в зависимости от сферы исследований (15% в STEM и 33% в психологии) и страны (28% в Германии и 50% в России).

Во-первых, мужчины больше представлены в частном коммерческом секторе, в то время как женщины — в государственном (по крайней мере в США).

Выученные социальные ролиБольшинство современных исследований связывает гендерное разделение в STEM с социальными ролями, которые дети усваивают через воспитание в семье и социализацию в детских садах и школах.

Еще одна причина преобладания мужчин в STEM — высокая конкуренция в этой среде.

Несмотря на то, что гендерное неравенство в науке сегодн…

С пониманием катастрофичности всего происходящего, с видением мира в грустных цветах: «Жалкое зрелище, душе­раздирающее зрелище!» — и с потерянным хвостом, естественно.

Удивительная и, что важно, прекрасно переведенная книжка — легкий ироничный язык, безошибочно подростковый, но при этом лишенный всякого заигрывания.

Для меня весь гений Чехова — в этом рассказе: здесь и ад крепостной жизни, и слог, и сюжет, и характер, и судьба.

Их размышление лишено всякого пафоса, оно не то что не мотыльковое, а какое-то даже слишком человеческое.

Вся его жизнь, вся его поэзия и страшный конец его пути — все сопряжено с тайной, с чудом, с загадкой, с внутренней болью и с неизбывной печалью.

Новый курсКак атом изменил нашу жизньЛекции о том, как физики делали атомную бомбу, а потом выступали против ее испытаний и почему именно они были культурными героями и для советской власти, и для диссидентов, а также правила жизни Андрея Сахарова и тест о влиянии атома на науку и быт

Связано это было с целым рядом экспери­ментальных открытий, среди которых самым важным было открытие нейтрона.

При такой реакции заряд атома увеличи­вался на один, и из одного атома можно было получить другой атом следующей клеточки периодической таблицы Менде­леева.

Запустив эту реакцию, дальше физик теоре­тически мог сидеть и смотреть, как лавина развивается и как большое коли­чество ядерных реакций добавляет новую энергию в результат.

И в том, и в другом случае цепная реакция приводит к перегреву и выделению неконтролируемого количества энергии.

Связано это было с тем, что к концу Второй мировой войны генералы научи­лись уничто­жать население настолько эффективно, что могли делать это и …

Правила жизни Андрея СахароваУченый, один из создателей водородной бомбы, правозащитник, лауреат Нобелевской премии мира Андрей Сахаров (1921–1989) — о рукопожатии Берии, атомной бомбе, отсутствии страха и религиозностиПодготовил Михаил КазиникАндрей Сахаров.

В глаза бросилось сообщение… на Хиросиму 6 августа 1945 года в 8 часов утра сброшена атомная бомба… У меня подкоси­лись ноги.

Я не мог не сознавать, какими страшными, нечеловеческими делами мы за­ни­мались.

[В день смерти Сталина] в письме Клаве Клавдия Алексеевна Вихирева (1919–1969) — первая жена Андрея Сахарова.

Я не профессиональный политик и, быть может, поэтому меня всегда мучают вопросы целесообразности и конечного результата мо…

История, АнтропологияФактчек: 16 самых популярных легенд о Петре IПравда ли, что Петр I убил собственного сына?

Совершенно точно известно, однако, что Петр лично часами присутствовал в застенке при пытках подозреваемых в измене.

Верно также, что Петр, судя по всему, придавал меньше значения тонкостям теологических различий между православием и другими христианскими конфессиями.

Не исключено, впрочем, что топор могли и в самом деле применять солдаты, посланные обеспечить выполнение указа о брадобритии на местах.

Значит ли это, что он ненавидел Россию и Москву?

ИскусствоДжим Джармуш: как начать смотреть его фильмыДжим Джармуш часто делает главными героями своих фильмов иностранцев, бродяг и аутсайдеров.

Именно он придумывает и простой до гениаль­ности план побега «как в американском кино»; для него, иностранца, естественно думать, что так должно быть и в жизни.

Так что Никто — такой же изгой, как и его бледнолицый брат.

В эту компанию вошли, в частно­сти, Том Уэйтс, Джон Лури и Игги Поп, не раз снимавшиеся в его фильмах.

Но Джармуш не из тех, кого можно причислить к какой-либо узаконенной категории» C. Traynor.

Антропология11 слов, помогающих понять бурятскую культуруПочему для бурят так важно понятие малой родины?

Самостоятельные наадан проводятся не только в отдельных селах и районах Бурятии, но и в сто­лице Улан-Удэ.

Это отразилось и в языке: в тибетском есть слово «дра-цан» (grwa chan), означающее буддийское высшее учебное заведение, которое заимство­валось в бурятский в форме дасан В русских словарях это слово зафиксировано в варианте «дацан».

Дасаны славятся своей традиционностью и даже консерва­тизмом, который проявляется в том числе и в сохранении патриархальных представлений.

В отличие от бао-цзы в буузах в качестве начинки используется только мелко нарубленное мясо, завернутое в пресное …

Впрочем, иносказательность, ирония, сарказм и в целом любовь к слово­творчеству были свойственны композитору и в юности, еще до наступления сталинского режима.

Пожалуй, у меня такое же отношение и к поэзии, и к литературе» Письма Дмитрия Дмитриевича Шостаковича Борису Тищенко с комментариями и воспоми­наниями адресата.

Письма И. И. Соллертин­скому.

Письма И. И. Соллер­тин­скому.

Мои темы следующие: из 1-й симфонии, из 8-й симфонии, из Трио, из виолончельного концерта, из „Леди Макбет“.

История, АнтропологияЧтение на 15 минут: «Неудобное прошлое»Как преодолеть память о преступлениях, в которых виновато собственное государство?

«Завершить» прошлое оказывается необходимо прежде всего потому, что его деструктивное воздействие на настоящее слишком болезненно и губительно.

И тогда сын, прежде защищавший отца, сам выкапывает его труп и сбрасывает его с горы на растерзание птицам.

Спасибо еще раз и простите!»Вот что отвечает на это Денис Карагодин:«Юлия,Вы написали мне очень искреннее и проникновенное письмо.

Во-вторых, только усилие обнаружения, квалификации и преодоления правды, плюс усилие испрашивания прощения и его дарования—это рецепт созидания гражданской солидарности.

Шуховская башня в Москве1 / 16 Гиперболоидная башня Шухова на фоне главного павильона Всероссийской Нижегородской ярмарки.

2012 год © Николай Васильев 14 / 16 Шуховская башня в Полибино.

1988 год © Игорь Казусь / CC BY-SA 3.0 16 / 16 Шуховская башня в Краснодаре.

1930–1931 годы International Council on Monuments and Sites 2 / 7 Строительство водонапорной башни и корпуса завода «Красный гвоздильщик».

Сделано это было в ответ на возникшие вопросы общественности после публикации объявления о продаже цеха и башни на «Авито» за 238 миллионов рублей.

И в нетерпении, как неразумные дед да баба, вознамерился бить пасхальное яйцо в надежде на счастье.

И что в Книге содержатся все мыслимые знания и истины о мире прошлом, настоящем и будущем.

А мы обнаруживаем тут Манилова — современного художника, а в кучках пепла — искусство второй половины XX века.

Нетрудно догадаться, что в те самые минуты поэт и «муза» и впрямь вели иного рода диалог.

Магическая спираль — «сон во сне» — замыкается в картине «После боя», как в стихотворении Лермонтова.

Мученический конец — коварное убий­ство — роман­тизировал восприятие Цезаря и послужил источником неисся­ка­емого вдохновения для мастеров кисти и пера.

Помпей же, наблюдая за растущей популярностью галльского наместника, испытывал ревнивые опасения, что тот потеснит его с пьедестала лучшего полководца Рима.

Цезарь так и не признал официально Цезариона своим сыном и не упомянул его в завещании, сделав основным наследником внучатого племянника Гая Октавия.

Автор рецепта салата «Цезарь» Цезарь Кардини в своем ресторане Caesar’s Place.

На самом деле, автора одного из самых популярных блюд американской кухни звали Чезаре (Cesare) — весьма популярное имя на родине Цезаря, в Италии, откуда Кардин…

Антропология12 слов, помогающих понять культуру БеларусиПочему снимать обувь, забираясь на скамейки на акции протеста, — это не памяркоўнасць, а годнасць?

В 2000-е годы трасянка проникает и в массовую сатирическую культуру.

В не самых качественных публицистических текстах часто можно встретить метафорическое название Беларуси — Синеокая Например, «Где в Синеокой найти следы Йети?» (из-за большого количества озер).

Не секрет, что абсолютное большинство белорусов русскоязычные, но белорусский русский — как и в российских регионах — несколько отличается от литературной нормы.

В Беларуси Дажынкі — как и Зажынкі, праздник первого снопа, — отмечали с давних времен, причем традиция была абсолютно …

На что ей ответили: «Девочки такой у нас нет, но у нас есть такой мальчик — Лёля Кантор».

И в какой-то момент вдруг в школу пришла девица, которая ее давно окончила, и говорит: «Музылев наби­рает в 16-й школе литературный класс».

Поэтому готовиться было бесполезно, и мы провели время в чтении стихов и в каких-то разговорах.

И я тогда себе сказа­ла: это единственное место, где я не буду задавать себе вопроса, что я тут де­лаю, потому что я знаю, кто я, и знаю, что все это мое.

Это не было борьбой, это были два художественных поля, которые не замечали и не воспринимали друг друга.

В какой круг ада Данте вы попадете?

А лукавые советы даете?

Склонны к раздорам?

А к расточительству?

Пройдите шутливый тест по мотивам «Божественной комедии» и узнайте всю правдуПридумал Кирилл Головастиков

The bilingual program has won Footscray primary school accolades and, according to supporters, has helped social cohesion, language and culture thrive in a part of Melbourne synonymous with waves of Vietnamese migration to Australia.

Citing a shortage of Vietnamese teachers and a desire to adopt a Latin-based language that is easier for students, the school has decided that the bilingual program will soon switch to Italian.

Supporters say Footscray’s Vietnamese program is the only one of its kind in Australia.

This time, a report was commissioned from researchers at the University of Melbourne and it recommended the Vietnamese bilingual program be discontinued.

“Some of the Vietnamese paren…

As the long-term editor of an English dictionary, I have arrived at the trouble with pedants: they cry foul too often.

Maybe a language community that is always looking for patterns, lines “irregardless” up with “irrespective” and finds that convincing.

So pedants need to be more conscious of their place in the language community.

That is to say, they are not necessarily at the centre of language change, and they cannot claim the right to be the sole arbiter of what is good and bad.

• Susan Butler AO was the founding editor of the Macquarie Dictionary, Australia’s national dictionary, editing it from 1981 until 2017.

The dictionary she has edited is undoubtedly great – the New Shorter Oxford Dictionary; all 3,800 pages of it in two large volumes.

It is called the New Shorter only because it is based, though not entirely, on the 21-volume Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which at £1,650 is beyond most people’s means.

She read English at Edinburgh, and then went to Oxford to do a thesis on early Middle English lives of saints.

Does she feel herself to be in a line of Oxford dictionary makers?

She is also glad to be the first survivor of a great Oxford dictionary.

Poor John Crace, not able to use rat runs get to get his garden rubbish to the tip (Digested week, 28 August).

Paul WinnackWandsworth, London• 10 of the Best Meals in Movies in the weekend guide (28 August) and no mention of Babette’s Feast?

This superb 1987 Danish film must surely rank as one of the 10 best, if not the very best.

I look forward to reading Wikipedia in Pictish (Shock an aw: US teenager wrote huge slice of Scots Wikipedia, 26 August).

Can someone explain to me what a Lee Twatwater is (Marina Hyde, 28 August)?

Merriam-Webster has weighed in on the debate over the word “irregardless”, confirming that it is a proper, dictionary-verified word.

Caitlin Curran, production editor“Is irregardless even a word?” is a question many have asked and yet somehow there is still disagreement.

But clearly anyone who uses the word irregardless is an idiot.

Poppy Noor, features writerIrregardless of what Merriam-Webster says, I am wondering, what could the word irregardless possibly convey that the word regardless does not?

Having said all of that, I just can’t abide the word irregardless, I’m sorry.

Kate Forbes, the Scottish finance secretary, and Alasdair Allan, a former minister, said Gaelic had to be given precedence or parity in all areas of public life and the economy across Gaelic areas of the Highlands and islands.

These are mainly elderly Gaels living in the Western Isles.

Allan, the MSP for the Western Isles, said greater effort was needed by Gaelic speakers to reverse decades of subtle or overt pressure to prioritise English in their daily lives, including within Gaelic-speaking families.

Gaelic revival campaigners said Western Isles council had become much more active in protecting the language.

However, its Gaelic committee, formed in February to lead on that work, had not …

The government’s plan to reform England’s university admissions system is yet another example of providing window-dressing rather than changes that will have effective outcomes (Ministers may move university applications to after A-level results, 26 June).

If this plan had serious intentions, it would also insist that the only academic qualifications acceptable as university entrance qualifications were A-levels, the exams described by Ofqual as “national qualifications based on content set by the government”.

More lightly regulated exams such as Cambridge Assessment’s Pre-U have a higher proportion of A*/A grades than A-levels, and are mostly set and marked by private-sector teachers.

Bern…

The books contain questions which German troops would be likely to put to English citizens if they succeeded in achieving their desire to overrun the country.

Throughout there is a warning that if you fail to tell their soldiers the truth you will be shot.

Some of the questions in the phrase-book are apparently designed for use in cross-examining civic leaders.

A whole section is devoted to questions which are intended to enable the German troops to find their way about the country.

The booklet is similar to those which Germany has produced in the Czech, Polish, and Russian languages.

Alhallak teaches Arabic for NaTakallam, a language service that offers people the chance to learn Arabic, Spanish, Persian and French.

What is unique is that all languages are taught by refugees.

The service also circumvents restrictions on work for refugees and asylum seekers in their new countries of residence, which means they can earn money.

“Refugees need access to an income, but with no work permit they’re often stuck in limbo.

Through their classes, Alhallak and Waugh, who briefly met in Beirut before he left for Italy, have become friends.

“Students will not pick up a natural fluency staying in the UK – the most anti-learning-a-language country there is,” he says.

“A lot of us chose to study a language because of the year abroad.”Forget freshers' week: universities prepare to teach new first years online Read moreThe third year spent overseas doing courses or working is famously the time when language students become fluent.

He spent the beginning of the year bringing back around 200 students from abroad, some from areas such as China and northern Italy.

Partner universities abroad are offering online courses, and some work placements are going ahead online, where employees may be working from home.

The university has also ca…

Sources told the Guardian that most universities are planning for new students from China to delay entry until January next year, with online teaching offered.

Exams, including English language tests required for visas and university admissions, have been cancelled in China, where 80,000 people have caught coronavirus.

British universities increasingly rely on revenue from international tuition fees, with students from China providing the vast majority of growth.

British universities already face uncertainty over links with the EU after Brexit, including continued membership of the mammoth Horizon Europe science funding programme and the Erasmus+ student exchange programme.

Higson said the …

Albert Costa (a Catalan-Spanish bilingual) died in 2018, and this book is a great testimony to his lifetime of research into the subject.

Costa quotes Goethe’s famous line that “he who does not know foreign languages knows nothing about his own”.

But the advantages aren’t only cultural breadth or depth, but also better decision-making: we’re less instinctive and kneejerk in a foreign language, more able to be utilitarian and cold-headed.

But he leaves you in little doubt that the brain of bilinguals is, in tiny but important ways, provably different.

• The Bilingual Brain: And What it Tells Us About the Science of Language by Albert Costa, translated by John W Schwieter, is published by All…

I have enormous respect for the journalism of your columnist Zoe Williams.

I was therefore extremely disappointed to see her speaking of “how hard and existentially pointless it is to run on the spot.

Learning Welsh is a challenge, but it most certainly is not existentially pointless.

I give thanks to dedicated Welsh language tutors and to those in communities throughout Wales who have supported me on this decades-long journey.

This stands in contrast to Zoe Williams’ attitude in citing Welsh language learning in a discussion of “existentially pointless” tasks.

It’s the description of Twi – the Akan language spoken by my family – as “the vernacular”, a term which implicitly compares it with the colonial language, English, and somehow finds it wanting.

It’s a term more befitting of a regional dialect than a nation’s language, with its own history, politics and literature.

Nigerian pre-eminence in the English language is nothing new.

But Nigeria’s relationship to the English language, like that of all English-speaking African nations, is a complicated one.

As the great African-American writer James Baldwin once wrote, “my quarrel with the English language has been that the language reflected none of my experience”.

Last year Rodríguez had to choose eight European universities where she would like to do her Erasmus+ exchange.

“UK students will continue to be able to enjoy the benefits of exchanges with our European friends and partners,” he told MPs.

And it would have a major impact on equity of access to these courses.”She says language degrees are already in a “bad place”.

Erasmus+ sends around 16,000 UK students to more than 30 countries each year.

“Taking part in Erasmus gives students new skills that are valuable to employers and that boosts our economy.”

The gulf between our solitary thoughts and the words that would convey them to others constantly confronts us all.

And Nietzsche’s writings are filled with laments about the inadequacy of language to render his most cherished ideas entirely in words.

The cases in which we use language to construct thoughts might be immune to the paradox of articulation, since they don’t involve discovery of what we were thinking.

Though obviously unsatisfactory as a response to the original problem it was intended to solve, this solution provides a clue to the paradox of articulation.

Whether or not one accepts this solution, the paradox gives us a tool to investigate the process of articulation in a system…

I’m suffering through the heat on the trail of a metaphor, searching for a link in the global gold supply chain.

This journey is almost invariably described as a ‘supply chain’ – a metaphor that’s become so successful that we often forget it’s there.

But when he pitched I2M to his clients, he noticed how their ‘eyes glazed over’ until he hit upon the more vivid image of a ‘chain of supply’ or ‘supply chain’.

The success of the supply chain metaphor is now holding us back, limiting our capacity to solve the problems plaguing the global economic system.

Here the supply chain metaphor does more than just explanatory work – it also shapes our moral response to such tragedies.

Today, Arabic and Hebrew texts contain the same punctuation marks as those of Western languages, although writers rarely use the full range.

In 1900, Aḥmad Zakī wrote the first Arabic novel with Western punctuation marks, facilitated by a glossary and foreword, praising their usefulness in the preservation of Arabic.

The exclamation and the question mark joined their ranks, attesting to a need for emotional emphasis and clarification of intonation.

The semicolon wasn’t the only punctuation mark making history: in 1905, Moscow printers demanded to be paid for setting not only letters but also punctuation marks, which required the same action and the same amount of time as the alphabet.

A mir…

This is one of the first prototypes of brain-to-brain interfaces in humans.

The real challenge for brain-to-brain interfaces is not to achieve some interlinking of brains.

But isn’t asking for clarification exactly the kind of annoyance that brain-to-brain interfaces could help us get rid of?

It is likely, then, that there will be some language-like system for communication and coordination even in the substrate of brain-to-brain interfaces.

In seeking to bypass language, current conceptions of brain-to-brain interfaces seem to be on their way to replicating the fate of the Belcerebon people.

Over this long and colourful history, one idea has proven particularly resilient: the notion that language began as gesture.

In the 20th century, scholars held on to these intuitive arguments for gestural theories, while also introducing new sources of evidence.

Another couple carried out a similar home-rearing experiment with a different chimpanzee, Washoe, but used manual signs borrowed from American Sign Language instead of English words.

It’s that, compared with the mouth, the hands seem to be better soil for the seeds of language.

She reasons that if language had first built a home in the hands, it would have had no compelling reason to leave.

Gibberish – language that cannot be understood – is not quite the same as nonsense.

Gibberish, on the other hand, makes indecipherable words out of the sounds and letters of language.

Yet while they evade familiar spellings, they lean on our intuitive knowledge of how the English language works.

The language of Utopia is an esoteric gibberish, but there are more everyday examples of unintelligible language.

Babies chatter gibberish to us, and we talk back to them as if they had said something utterly astoundingIn the following centuries, English gibberish grows relatively dormant.

Tahitians, in their reckoning of love and loss, and their wrestling with death and darkness, suffered not from grief but a hypocognition of grief.

In my research with the psychologist David Dunning at the University of Michigan, we asked American participants: have you ever heard of the concept benevolent sexism?

A frequently overlooked part of Levy’s treatise on Tahitians is why they suffered from a hypocognition of grief.

In 2010, the Chinese rebel writer Han Han told CNN that any of his writings containing the words ‘government’ or ‘communist’ would be censored by the Chinese internet police.

They simply pretend nothing happened… That’s their goal,’ Han Han said.

J L Austin, a British philosopher working around the mid-20th century, made important progress in trying to classify the linguistic things we do as acts of speech or speech acts.

His thought was that we perform illocutionary acts in uttering meaningful sentences (hence the Latin il); and we perform perlocutionary acts by performing illocutionary acts (hence the Latin per).

We perform locutionary acts in order to perform illocutionary acts; and we perform illocutionary acts in order to perform perlocutionary acts.

If the argument that pornography can undermine women’s freedom of speech is successful, then it presents a challenge to the free-speech-based defence of pornography.

Deciding wheth…

A young woman, whose name was Breonna Taylor, was killed, as an early local news report described, “inside a home […] in the middle of an officer-involved shooting.

Many have pointed out how unbalanced and troubling this kind of manipulative indirect language can be.

In the phrase “officer-involved shooting,” language itself aggressively suppresses law enforcement’s own aggressive actions.

And likewise, in the phrase “officer-involved shooting,” language itself aggressively suppresses the police force’s own aggressive actions.

This was 53 percent higher than what people thought he should be fined when the reports used more indirect language.

Why is it that some of them can never accept that Taylor Swift might have something worthy to say?

Taylor Swift isn’t alone in being accused of faking an accent.

“Music can not be true or false, it can only refer to conventions of truth or falsity.”This is a complicating factor particularly when it comes to country music.

The worth of wordsIn “The Last Great American Dynasty,” Swift pens the story of someone she never knew: the eccentric, wealthy Rebekah Harkness of Rhode Island.

As Swift inserts herself into the narrative’s end, it transpires that Harkness owned the house that Swift later bought.

The remarkable thing about internet memes is that without constant mutation through wordplay, they become, ahem, meme-ingless.

Somehow, through allusion, the meme can convey far more complex emotional information than its simple linguistic structure might suggest.

Internet memes are popularly image macros—often originating from weird or amusing snippets of pop culture, with accompanying humorous text or catchphrases riffing on the theme of the meme.

The original source meme has to have had something notable about it for it to have become popular in the first place.

As variations on the meme become more popular, the relevant phrasal structure is used and reused, without the images.

Countries can take many steps that could act as apologies for historical wrongs—so is an official apology ever needed?

Before Obama, Bill Clinton reportedly did not offer an official apology due to the objections of the white majority.

This can be even more involved when it comes to official apologies, which can have a ceremonial aspect of performance to convey the gravity of the matter.

Perhaps the spectrum over which apologies range, from inconsequential politeness to deep remorse expressed formally, drives some members of the public to distrust official apologies as insincere or unnecessary, while others demand them to redress wrongs.

Apologies that look and sound and speak clearly like …

So how does a phrase that doesn’t actually mean what it says still manage to be so usefully informative?

Arbiters of linguistic style often assume that idioms are a kind of “exhausted speech” that once meant something but has become a set of lazy linguistic shortcuts to predigested ideas.

With language full of idioms, should well-worn expressions like “kick the bucket” kick the bucket in favor of more direct ways of speaking?

On the other hand, older idioms, such as getting “the short end of the stick,” are even more frozen in place.

We might wonder what all the fuss is about a stick, much less the short (or shitty) end of it.

Why are these children’s rhymes so much dark nonsense, and what could it all mean?

In a kid’s world, cooties and other similar contagions may not be real—but they’re deadly serious.

Though it may have a real impact on children’s social distancing, it’s hard to pin down what cooties is exactly, because conceptually, it needs to be many things.

But it’s true that many nursery rhymes are often so dark, so strange, so…nonsensical.

It’s hard to believe the cooties and nursery rhymes of your childhood can reveal so much about the world.

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As with many other recent global crises, there has been a flood of dangerous misinformation, and with it, the insidious “viral” spread of toxic speech through social media.

As Lawrence Besserman notes, being ill in the English language is no fun.

But when we think of weaponized language, often it’s a pretty blunt instrument.

Tirrell considers the idea of an epidemiology of toxic language, conceptualizing language as something that can have the power to cause harm, by degrees, just like a poison or a disease.

For the grace of being another language, Black English speech might have been considered as linguistically civilized as a classical Greek or Latin, or as linguistically chic as French or Italian.

Instead it resulted in intense public backlash and derision due to the still widespread, incorrect belief that Black English was an inferior, uneducated form of English associated with illiteracy, poverty, and crime.

But Black English is not just one monolithic dialect spanning the many millions of speakers across the country.

All along, while standard American English was busy convincing everyone that it was a superior dialect, it’s Black English that’s been a true cultural and linguistic force in…

Different vested interests have manipulated language to downplay, deflect, and shift public attention away from blaming political leaders for ignoring the clear scientific consensus behind the climate emergency.

Morrison’s astonishingly clumsy spinning of the crisis has, in fact, ignited a political firestorm and led to a public and international outpouring of blame.

Sten Hansson’s linguistic case study on blame avoidance in government lays out the many ways that political leaders have sought to reframe scandals and political firestorms to escape accountability.

Political leaders can use a “discursive power abuse” through language to manipulate communication and public perception.

It has ta…

And the tendency toward this kind of behavior is called “cancel culture.”Is the destructive power of cancel culture too much?

Cancel culture is, on the one hand, less severe than these acts of public shaming, because it is mostly linguistic and communicative.

This could explain why cancel culture seems so widespread, so virulently uncontrollable, and so dangerously unstable.

It’s this that makes cancel culture very much a part of modern life.

As language can be dangerous, and as crowd movements can be destructive, so can the cancel culture of “internet mobs” be damaging in the wrong contexts.

Keeping the news in a state of good health, in the age of social media, has become more urgent than ever.

By now, we may think we know fake headlines well enough not to fall into the trap.

It was, incredibly, literally true, yet because it didn’t accurately describe the context, wasn’t it also a kind of fake news?

In identifying misinformation, we often focus too closely on the superficial and obvious aspects of this shiny new concept of fake news—a fake clickbait headline accompanying a fake news article of actual falsehoods.

In one study on subtly misleading headlines, researchers found that headlines can affect how readers remember information and make inferences about the news.

Whatever is not you is an object of your perception and action, and the world of things external to you is the objective world.

In all of this, the objective exists as objective precisely because we are subjective.

What allows the subject of your camera (the film or sensor) to record the external, objective world.

Hey presto, objective reality, a record of the objective fact of the occurrence at that instant.

We often talk and think of “black and white” as pure objective fact, but it’s objective in that it’s been acted on.

At the end of our shopping hour, we have willed our representations into the cart, and expense will thus follow.

Descartes said Je pense, donc je suis, but Decart says Je dépense, donc j’essuie: I spend, so I wipe away.

And what is decart?

The second sense appears to be taken from cart, the kind of wheeled conveyance, which is from an old Germanic root.

Il passe, donc je suis.

“How are you doing?”“Oh, comme ci, comme ça.

You know, like a see-saw: up and down.”“Wait.

Does it come from comme ci, comme ça?”“Nah, but that’s neither here nor there.”“Did you look it up?”“Yeah, I tracked it down.

I went to Wiktionary and typed in see-saw and it said ‘Alternate spelling of seesaw.’ But when I went to the Oxford English Dictionary and typed in seesaw and it took me to the entry for see-saw.”“Well, that’s kinda back and forth.”“Yeah.

Just like this and that, neither here nor there, ins and outs, and of course, in French, comme ci, comme ça: ‘like this, like that.’”“Oh, right.

Hoar is one of the legends of the fall.

Not all that has hoar is hoary.

This word, hoar (and its derivatives hoary and hoarfrost), is not new, that’s for sure.

If we follow the descending lines of these roots, we find many, including Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos, ‘darkness’, seen in words such as scotomata and scotopia), English shadow, and, more closely related to hoar, German hehr ‘noble’ and Herr ‘lord’.

In the inexorable cycle of the seasons, the leaves turn and fall, and the frost forecasts a full shutdown.

Exeō, exīs, exit, exīmus, exītis, exeunt: I go out, thou goest out, she or he or it goes out, we go out, you go out, they go out.

From ex ‘out’ and eō ‘I go’ et cetera.

“Exit rex”: “The king goes out.”Technically, our English noun exit comes from the Latin noun exitus, and our verb exit comes in turn from our noun, so Latin exit went from being a verb to being a noun exitus, then went out into English and again became exit and then came back to being a verb.

Latin for ‘goes in’ is init, by the way.

And Latin for ‘comes out’ is ēvenit, and Latin for ‘comes in’ is invenit.

* Imagine waking up and finding that your boss – and even your clients – have snuck in through the window… or through your computer screen.

“WFH” has become hamesucken.

You may not know this word hamesucken – also spelled hamesoken and hamsoken – but in medieval times it was an important crime, and it remains on the books as such in Scotland.

It’s a compound word; its parts are hame, which is Scots for home, which both come from Old English hám, and sucken or soken, from Old English sócn ‘visit, attack, assault’, from Old Norse sókn ‘attack’.

How can you be in control of your own space if you are required to cede control of some important part of it to bosses and strangers?

We cannot live a perfect live without a little flash of purple flying past.

And this is all well and good in the mean quotidian, but the long slender fingers of the day deserve the occasional amethyst ring; the plain prose page of labour and leisure is ornamented best with the flash of an iopterous lexeme.

This is not a linguistic term, not usually – it is better fitted for entomology than for etymology.

What is iopterous is violet-winged.

And what is iopterous?

I’d like to touch on something that has come around recently: two words that at first may seem the same but that have an important difference –asymptomatic and asymptotic.

Asymptotic means, to quote the Penguin Dictionary of Mathematics (edited by John Daintith and R.D.

In other words, the line gets closer and closer to the curve but does not touch it.

And where does asymptote come from?

In the fullness of historical time, asymptotic and asymptomatic are the same thing.

“Early awake.”That’s the definition of ærwacol.

– for example, “Đa cwæð se cyngc, ‘Leofe dohtor, for hwi eart ðu þus ærwacol?’” (“Then the king said, ‘Dear daughter, why are you awake so early?’”).

(From personal experience of staying in rural areas where birds flock, I can tell you there is probably no surer place on earth to be ærwacol unless absolutely nothing wakes you up.)

Still, I appreciate occasionally being ærwacol, when it’s of my own choosing.

And I’m not so fond of involuntary being ærwacol, due to stress, or fire alarms, or eating the wrong food for dinner, or noisy birds.

Get your butt in that chair!”But if there’s absenteeism, then of course there’s presenteeism, right?

And what is presenteeism?

You may think it’s being where you’re supposed to be when you’re supposed to be there, or even going the extra mile and being there longer (and therefore being more productive) than required.

Presenteeism has been very well studied and the results show strongly that it’s an important problem.

We’ve had this word presenteeism at least since the 1930s, though the current sense that features the downside has been prevalent only in the past few decades.

Now and then we see an honest reference to cullionry.

Cullionry is the conduct of a cullion as roguery is the conduct of a rogue, and a cullion is… literally, a testicle; figuratively, a, um, dickhead.

Cullion comes from French couillon; it’s related to Spanish cojon (you see it now, don’t you) and comes from Latin culleus (‘sack’ or ‘testicle’), which in turn comes from Greek κόλεος koleos (‘sheath’).

And cullion just happens to be used figuratively to mean ‘lowlife’.

But such is the contradictory nature of the classic cullion: both hyperaggressive and hypersensitive.

Here’s the Oxford English Dictionary: “A form of aragonite, occurring as pisolites under strain, which decrepitates.” (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary has never heard of it.)

The violent decrepitation, on account of which the name ktypeite is given, shows that the pisolites must be in a state of considerable strain.”You too, eh?

A lot of us are in a state of considerable strain, and many of us are decrepit because of it.

Decrepitation, however, is the noun for the shattering of minerals when heated, which typically involves a loud cracking sound.

Oh, yes, that’s another point of strain: if you have anything on the order of trypophobia – which is to say, if things with lots of s…

Some of you may know this already; some may have seen the word conibear and not been sure what it referred to; some may not know the word at all.

I learned first in my childhood that a conibear was a kind of trap, but I don’t think I ever saw one in person.

I decided that the conibear must be an old, traditional kind of trap, with an old, traditional kind of name, preferred by those who liked things in the original style.

I guessed that they must be mainly for trapping rabbits, since conibear looks like a compound of cony (which is another word for ‘rabbit’) plus bear.

However, a conibear has more room for error than a guillotine; perhaps we should say a it is humane like hanging.

You see “flinchworthy,” it doesn’t startle you, you know what it means: something worth flinching at.

And there are flinchworthy things.

Or, um, I suppose, do any of several things depicted in Un chien andalou:Not everyone finds all the same things flinchworthy, of course, but if you meet someone who finds nothing at all flinchworthy, do try to survive the encounter and avoid them ever thereafter.

Here is a small compendium of flinchworthy things:Dropping of knives and near-breaking of dishes,Webs that touch faces and toes that touch fishes,Cold slimy celery, telephone rings:These are a few of my flinchworthy things.

Spiders, loud bangs, being tapped on the shoulder,Creaks from dark houses …

As the tipping point is not the vase’s natural state, we assume something has caused the unbalance e.g.

We also realise that there will be consequences when this tipping point is reached, and we expect these will be negative.

It was most often applied to an individual, reaching a personal tipping point and joining a wider group or process in society.

From this study they tracked the changing use and meanings of tipping point in both the media and science.

This suggests that the tipping point metaphor in the media had become more flexible, again incorporating the conventional expression of a drastic change.

In the fifth chapter of her pop linguistics book Because Internet, Gretchen McCulloch explores how emoji became popular as a way of replicating gestures in online communication.

However, many popular emoji use hand and facial gestures, which, McCulloch says, inspired her to begin treating them as gesture.

These gestures don’t have specific names but can be described.

The example McCulloch uses is the range of emojis possible in a ‘Happy Birthday’ message, perhaps a combination of the following 🎂🍰🎁🎊🎉🎈🥳.

We can even repeat emoji which don’t have a literal gesture attached, because, as a whole, emoji can be repeated.

Why is it so much scarier to receive a text saying “ok.” than “ok”?

In online messaging, we tend to use line or message breaks, rather than full stops, to convey the end of an utterance.

One that has is the sarcasm tilde (~), which McCulloch argues derives from the mid-2000s days of MySpace ‘sparkle punctuation’, where users used punctuation marks for aesthetic purposes.

McCulloch calls this lack of punctuation ‘minimalist typography’ and discusses how this is used to convey tone of voice, particularly in the current era of smartphones.

These are just some of the ways in which we reflect our tone in typed speech, from caps lock, to passive aggressive punctuation.

(a) wen mi ier di bap bap, mi drap a groun an denwhen I heard the bap bap [the shots], I fell to the ground and thenmi staat ron.

(b) When I heard the shot (bap, bap), I drop the gun, and then I run.

AAVE has been studied extensively by linguists, who have shown that it is a systematic and rule-governed dialect of English like any other.

They start by closely analysing over 15 hours of Jeantel’s recorded speech, to see how it compares to that of other AAVE speakers.

In the Zimmerman case, Rickford and King show that Jeantel used several preverbal tense-aspect markers in her speech, such as stressed BIN, completive, and habitual.

Through this research, we can see that thanks responses in English are not very frequent on the whole.

This is in contrast to some other languages.

In addition, the sensitivity of thanks responses to socio-economic setting suggest that they are a subtle form of cultural encoding, with common responses in LARC-up and LARC-mid restaurants possibly signalling formality.

Furthermore, thanks responses do not appear to be very standardized, with a wide range of forms being used, especially in LARC-mid and LARC-low.

The fact that the type of service performed elicits differing thanks responses across the different socio-economic settings reinforces the sense that these small linguistic acts are ac…

This is a question that some recent research has addressed.In their recent research report, Elminger, Schwade and Goldstein examined the function of babbling in infants’ language development.

Previous research has suggested that parents’ speech will match the child’s current age, changing as the child grows.

So, in general, it seems that parents may simplify the whole structure of their speech in response to their child’s babble, suggesting that infant babbling really does influence the adult response.

It may be that this immature, pre-speech babble is actually engineered by the child to create language learning opportunities through eliciting simplified, easy-to-learn responses from their …

In other words, would a candidate with, say a Multicultural London English accent, be perceived as less professional or competent as their Received Pronunciation speaking peers?

To create the mock interviews, we had 10 speakers (2 of each accent) record 10 good and 10 poor interview responses.

They were then asked to evaluate whether they thought the answer was a 'good' answer or a 'poor' answer.

The high quality answers are in yellow and the lower quality answers are in green.

So, it's possible that accent bias might influence the candidate's progression later on down the line.

The second part of our study, detailed here, investigated how people responded to recordings of speakers with different accents to see if the same accent bias exists in speech.

To examine these questions, we recorded 10 speakers of 5 different accents (2 speakers each).

Younger participants, however, did not show this pattern.

On the right are the older participants and on the left, the younger participants.

We proposed that the more prejudiced people were, the lower their ratings of the different accents would be.

A draft list of proposed emoji were recently passed through Unicode.

This set included three emoji that I co-wrote proposals for: Palm Up Hand, Palm Down Hand and Face With Peeking Eye.

These proposals came directly out of the work I did with Gretchen looking at the way emoji act as digital gestures.

A palm up gesture means you’ll be able to offer someone cake, a palm down means you’ll finally get a mic drop.

You can see details on the full set of 35 recommended emoji and the proposals in this PDF document (Unicode do a lot in PDF rather than on websites!).

As much as I love Ea-nasir being a meme, there is something else displayed in the assyriology section of the British Museum near the Complaint tablet to Ea-nasir that I think is just as meme-worthyLet me introduce to you to five clay model dogs found beneath a palace doorway at Nineveh.

They guard against devils and demons and are modelled after real dogs that lived there over 2650 years agoTheir names are Loud is his bark!, Biter of his foe!, Don’t think, bite!, Catcher of the enemy!

and Expeller of evil!

and I love them

This is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 49: How translators approach a text.

We have 12 more bonus episodes.

If you wanna share on social media, we are very happy to thank you if you tag us in things.

Lauren: Our most recent bonus episode was about honorifics as a way of being polite to someone either through the title you choose or a variety of linguistic strategies.

Gretchen: You get access to the honorifics bonus as well as 43 other bonus episodes and new bonus episodes every month by going to patreon.com/lingthusiasm.

As much as I love Ea-nasir being a meme, there is something else displayed in the assyriology section of the British Museum near the Complaint tablet to Ea-nasir that I think is just as meme-worthyLet me introduce to you to five clay model dogs found beneath a palace doorway at Nineveh.

They guard against devils and demons and are modelled after real dogs that lived there over 2650 years agoTheir names are Loud is his bark!, Biter of his foe!, Don’t think, bite!, Catcher of the enemy!

and Expeller of evil!

and I love them

The 2020 LingComm Grants were $500 (USD) to support a linguistics communication project that brings linguistics to new audiences in engaging ways.

We plan to keep tweaking the structure of the LingComm Grants in future years based on what we’ve learned.

If you’re thinking of starting a lingcomm project, or any scicomm project, check out the resources page on the LingComm Grants website.

Twitter: @AnansaBenbowFollow The Black Language Podcast on various podcast platforms and @blacklangpod on Twitter and on Instagram.

Nonbinary Linguistics youtube channelNina Lorence-GanongI am interested in the intersection between linguistics and nonbinary gender identity.

As much as I love Ea-nasir being a meme, there is something else displayed in the assyriology section of the British Museum near the Complaint tablet to Ea-nasir that I think is just as meme-worthyLet me introduce to you to five clay model dogs found beneath a palace doorway at Nineveh.

They guard against devils and demons and are modelled after real dogs that lived there over 2650 years agoTheir names are Loud is his bark!, Biter of his foe!, Don’t think, bite!, Catcher of the enemy!

and Expeller of evil!

and I love them

In this episode of Lingthusiasm, your hosts Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne get enthusiastic about the relationship of the translator and the text.

In celebration, we’re asking you to help people who would totally enjoy listening to fun conversations about linguistics, they just don’t realize it exists yet!

Being a patron gives you access to bonus content and lets you help decide on Lingthusiasm topics.

Email us at contact [at] lingthusiasm [dot] comGretchen is on Twitter as @GretchenAMcC and blogs at All Things Linguistic.

Our senior producer is Claire Gawne, our editorial producer is Sarah Dopierala, and our music is ‘Ancient City’ by The Triangles

In this episode of Lingthusiasm, your hosts Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne get enthusiastic about the relationship of the translator and the text.

You can also download an mp3 via the Soundcloud page for offline listening, and stay tuned for a transcript of this episode on the Lingthusiasm website.

To receive an email whenever a new episode drops, sign up for the Lingthusiasm mailing list.

Being a patron gives you access to bonus content and lets you help decide on Lingthusiasm topics.

Email us at contact [at] lingthusiasm [dot] comGretchen is on Twitter as @GretchenAMcC and blogs at All Things Linguistic.

I feel like being a linguistics student kind of removed me from the reality that some people don’t know what a heritage language is.

I posted about heritage languages a while ago on my main blog and someone had no idea what the term was, but said it totally applied to them and that they were happy that a term actually existed.

I’m currently reading a book (reference in last cube) written mostly for researchers, students, people in the academic realm–and found some things that I wanted to share and that others might find usefuuul.

One thing to note is that the book mostly includes studies done on bilingual heritage language speakers (i.e.

Enjoyyyy and lmk if there’s any additional questions …

Today’s interviewee, Ailsa Webb, has some good insights on the advantage of taking experience with linguistics into a postgraduate law degree.

I also privately tutor VCE English Language (which is basically Linguistics 101 for Senior High School students in Victoria, Australia).

How does your linguistics training help you in your job?

My linguistics training is extraordinarily helpful in my degree, as the bulk of law is reading, writing and analysing language.

I’ve always considered myself interdisciplinary, and I wish students were more explicitly encouraged to combine different fields throughout their studies in recognition that this benefits those in both fields.

Today’s interviewee, Ailsa Webb, has some good insights on the advantage of taking experience with linguistics into a postgraduate law degree.

I also privately tutor VCE English Language (which is basically Linguistics 101 for Senior High School students in Victoria, Australia).

How does your linguistics training help you in your job?

My linguistics training is extraordinarily helpful in my degree, as the bulk of law is reading, writing and analysing language.

I’ve always considered myself interdisciplinary, and I wish students were more explicitly encouraged to combine different fields throughout their studies in recognition that this benefits those in both fields.

Today’s interviewee, Ailsa Webb, has some good insights on the advantage of taking experience with linguistics into a postgraduate law degree.

How does your linguistics training help you in your job?

My linguistics training is extraordinarily helpful in my degree, as the bulk of law is reading, writing and analysing language.

I’ve always considered myself interdisciplinary, and I wish students were more explicitly encouraged to combine different fields throughout their studies in recognition that this benefits those in both fields.

Recently:Check out the full Linguist Jobs Interview List and the Linguist Jobs tag for even more interviews

This new paper extends the data transparency survey method that I’ve been using with the Linguistic Data Interest Group to the journal Gesture.

This article presents the results of a survey of data citation in six years of articles published in the journal Gesture (12.1–17.2).

Keywords:data citation, open data, data management, gesture studiesReferenceGawne, Lauren, Chelsea Krajcik, Helene N. Andreassen, Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker & Barbara F. Kelly.

Data Transparency and Citation in the Journal Gesture.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.00034.gawGreen Open Access version available on Figshare: https://doi.org/10.26181/5f57fddc85ebbRelated research publications on data citation:General resourc…

This new paper extends the data transparency survey method that I’ve been using with the Linguistic Data Interest Group to the journal Gesture.

This article presents the results of a survey of data citation in six years of articles published in the journal Gesture (12.1–17.2).

Keywords:data citation, open data, data management, gesture studiesReferenceGawne, Lauren, Chelsea Krajcik, Helene N. Andreassen, Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker & Barbara F. Kelly.

Data Transparency and Citation in the Journal Gesture.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.00034.gawGreen Open Access version available on Figshare: https://doi.org/10.26181/5f57fddc85ebbRelated research publications on data citation:General resourc…

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My son just called me about some Hindi books I wanted him to order for me.

The way he said the word "Devangari" made me chuckle.

Moreover, I have heard other Americans pronounce "Devanagari" as "Devangari".

It is a phrasing with lipi ("script") as nāgarī lipi "script relating to a city", or "spoken in city".

PronunciationDAY-və-NAH-gər-ee; देवनागरी, IAST: Devanāgarī, Sanskrit pronunciation: [deːʋɐˈnaːɡɐɽiː])(Source)EtymologyFrom Sanskrit देवनागरी (devanāgarī), compound of देव (deva, “deity, divine”) + नगर (nagara, “town, city”).

« previous post |That's the title of a new book (Oct. 7, 2020) from Routledge edited by Henning Klöter and Mårten Söderblom Saarela, with the following subtitle: Historical Trajectories, Language Planning, and Multilingual Practices.

This is the publisher's book description:Language Diversity in the Sinophone World offers interdisciplinary insights into social, cultural, and linguistic aspects of multilingualism in the Sinophone world, highlighting language diversity and opening up the burgeoning field of Sinophone studies to new perspectives from sociolinguistics.

The book begins by charting historical trajectories in Sinophone multilingualism, beginning with late imperial China through to…

« previous post |From the person who bought the hair clipper described in this post:"Card hair, and be careful to get an electric shock" (10/22/20)They now tell us:The hair clipper had to be returned.

We did not comfortable enjoy: when we finally got a comb fitted to the cutting head, the clipper did not work — it did not cut hair.

This was our second attempt to buy a clipper (my hair is getting shaggy).

The earlier attempt brought us a much more expensive high-end German clipper, costing more than three times as much.

So so long as there's Chinese and so long as there's English, there will always be Chinglish.

« previous post |With notes on 兑, 說 / 説, 悦, 銳, 脱.

Pronunciation 1 is derived by causative devoicing of 悅 (OC *lod, “to relax; to be delighted”) (pronunciation 3).

(source)The basic etymon for this word family is 兑 / 兑 (MSM duì / yuè / ruì; see above).

the mouth is divided when smiling); in either case, the character would be the original character of 悅 (OC *lod, “pleased”).

Cognate with 愉 (OC *lo, “happy; pleased”), 說 (OC *hljods, “to speak; to explain”), 脫 (OC *l̥ʰoːd, *l'oːd, “to take off (clothes); to escape”), 偷 (OC *l̥ʰoː, “to steal”).

One day, many years ago, my wife and I were invited for lunch at the home of an Indian friend, in Poona.

What that meant was that the young Indian boy was being trained to memorize endless series of what, for him, were nothing more than nonsense syllables.

The Bhagavadgītā obviously was the first and only Sanskrit text the boy had been taught to recite.

I was only supposed to be in admiration at the boy's oral recitation of a famous Sanskrit text.

Perhaps an equivalent feat of memorization in Chinese culture would be mastering how to write six thousand or more characters.

If you could find out what "card hair" is, it will bring me peace of mind.

Meanwhile I will be careful to get an electric shock.

To solve the problem of how the scary wording "Be careful to get an electric shock!"

came about, that is actually standard Chinglish for:xiǎoxīn diànjí 小心电击 / 小心電擊 ("b eware of electric shock" — more literally, "careful electric shock") OR d āngxīn chùdiàn 当心触电 / 當心觸電 ("b eware of electric shock" — more literally, "careful / look out / pay attention to electric shock")There are many examples of this type of usage under "Selected readings" below.

As for "not card hair", it must be some sort of transmutation of "without having to comb your hair", since shū (tóu)fǎ 梳…

« previous post |Jonathan Silk wonders how this mistranslation from Latin to Dutch in Google Translate occurred the same way in English:I just checked the Latin → Dutch and Latin → English translations, and they've both been fixed.

When I checked them earlier this morning, about two hours ago, they still had the "wasabi" mistranslation.

For quite a few years now, I have reported on the national spelling bee (usually in May).

Now, however, as I am preparing a post on Indian feats of memorization, I could not help but wonder about the fate of the 2020 national spelling bee.

"Tough words, little drama, familiar champ in virtual bee"The article begins thus:The upstart ex-spellers who launched an online spelling bee to fill the void left by the canceled Scripps National Spelling Bee had little trouble running an efficient, and sufficiently challenging, competition.

When the two other remaining spellers misspelled words back to back before his turn, victory in the closest thing to a national spelling bee in this pandemic-disrupt…

And though he’s only been working with Duguid’s other lawyers for a matter of weeks, Garner’s influence on Duguid’s just-filed merits brief is unmistakable.

The summary of Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid at oyez.org:Noah Duguid brought this lawsuit because Facebook sent him numerous automatic text messages without his consent.

Duguid sued Facebook for violating a provision of the Telephone and Consumer Protection Act of 1991 that forbids calls placed using an automated telephone dialing system (“ATDS”), or autodialer.

Noah Duguid's brief starts like this:QUESTION PRESENTEDWhether the Telephone Consumer Protection Act’s definition of “automatic telephone dialing system,” 47 U.S.C.

§ 227(a)(1), enco…

« previous post |09/12/2020 Look ‼️ How Chinese teacher is torturing our Mongolian kids in Bayangol Mongolian autonomous state in Xinjiang.

China bans the Mongolian language in Xinjiang from 2017.

The teacher is visibly frustrated trying to make a Mongolian child pronounce a Chinese expression and make him recognize Chinese nationalistic emblems.

09/12/2020Look ‼️ How Chinese teacher is torturing our Mongolian kids in Bayangol Mongolian autonomous state in Xinjiang.

The teacher is visibly frustrated trying to make a Mongolian child pronounce a Chinese expression and make him recognize Chinese nationalistic emblems.

Nǐ de huò lā lā lā bù lā lā bù lā duō?

Huò lā lā lā bù lā lā bù lā duō yào kàn nǐ de huò lā dé duō bù duō.

Rú guǒ lā dé bù duō jiù lā nǐ de lā bù lā duō, rú guǒ lā dé duō jiù bù lā nǐ de lā bù lā duō.

"你的货拉拉拉不拉拉不拉多？货拉拉拉不拉拉不拉多要看你的货拉得多不多。如果拉得不多就拉你的拉不拉多，如果拉得多就不拉你的拉不拉多。"Google Translate:"Your cargo pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls more?

The correct translation would be something like this:"Nǐ de Huòlalā / lā bù lā / Lābùlāduō?

« previous post |30 years ago, Don Hindle explored the idea of calculating semantic similarity according to predicate-argument relations in text corpora, and in the context of that work, I remember him noting that we tend to purchase wine but buy beer.

He didn't have a lot of evidence for that insight, since he was working with a mere six-million-word corpus of Associated Press news stories, in which the available counts were small:wine beer purchase 1 0 buy 0 3So for today's lecture on semantics for ling001, I thought I'd check the counts in one of the larger collections available today, as an example of the weaker types of connotational meaning.

In the 14-billion-word iWeb corpus, the cou…

Did Marco Polo get "Jipangu" from the Mongols?

The final vowel could attempt a representation of ô, since a W would rather be read as û.

Mehmet OlmuzLinks for the world map from Kashghari: here, here, and hereI was not sure about jaBarqa till Marcel wrote about that.

(Mahmud ibn Hussayn ibn Muhammed al-Kashgari was an 11th-century Kara-Khanid scholar and lexicographer of the Turkic languages from Kashgar.

Al-Kashgari studied the Turkic languages of his time and in Baghdad he composed the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, the Diwan Lughat al-Turk (Arabic: "Compendium of the languages of the Turks").

« previous post |Yesterday my wife challenged me to identify the person in a photo she sent.

I decided to cheat, by using Google Image Search — and the results were very strange.

We've posted often about weird AI behavior in Speech-to-Text and Machine Translation and other NLP applications.

Image processing has its own litany of weirdness, which is not often a topic here for obvious reasons.

But this case does have a linguistic aspect, namely the cited links…The original photo came from the website of one of my nephews, so this odd result is a plus for my family, I guess.

Now there is a new book that puts the ordering and retrieval capabilities of the alphabet in a historical, lexicographical, and epistemological context:"'A Place for Everything’ Review: Ordering the Universe", by Katherine A.

As such, it often met with hostility or perplexity: “Alphabetical order,” Ms. Flanders observes, “looked like resistance, even rebellion, against the order of divine creation.

Ms. Flanders proceeds to trace the gradual acceptance, and eventually dominion, of the alphabet over the storage, organization, and retrieval of information and knowledge.

Among diehards, the resistance to the alphabetical ordering of dictionaries, indices, and so forth continues to the present d…

On the far-end of the short-wave dial was Radio Australia and Australian accents: sometimes broader and tangier, reflecting a country background, sometimes the flatter urban varietal, closer to the English accent but still bearing unmistakable traces of the Strine.

[…]The first accents I had heard and associated with cricket were not those of the players; they were of those who described the game to us.

The conversations and interviews of cricket players were terse and brief and clichéd; the commentator could speak at greater length.

Associating a new accent with cricket is instantly evocative; when I first heard Freddie Trueman’s northern Yorkshire variant, I sought to conjure up conversat…

You can read Christoph Harbsmeier’s “The Rhetoric of Premodern Chinese Prose Style” in a draft version (pdf) or in its final form as a chapter in Victor Mair (ed.

[…]One striking feature of classical Chinese rhetorical practice is the extraordinary absence of basic ephemeral communicative phrases […].

Classical Chinese rhetoric eschews the ephemeral and inconsequential.

The rhetoric of classical Chinese excludes such small talk, whereas the rhetoric of Homer encourages it.

[…]It is not part of Chinese style to comment on one’s style as one is using it.

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

Isaac Sligh writes for RusTRANS about the translation he and Viktoria Malik are doing of Victor Pelevin’s fifteenth novel, iPhuck 10 [sic!

], which sounds extremely interesting — I really have to start reading Pelevin:iPhuck 10’s hero is a Machiavellian, suave, and hilarious A.I.

algorithm by the name of Porfiry Petrovich, a narrator who exists only in the binary ether, a “spirit”, as he calls himself.

In fact, Porfiry is chuckling at his readers from the pages of his own book as he notices our recognition of such echoes of classic literature.

It turns out that Porfiry has read every single work of classic Russian literature, and knows how to reference and regurgitate it, subtly or obviousl…

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If you’re interested in experiencing these feelings, may I suggest a name other than Anand when coming of age in the United States of America.

The proper term is “dispronunciation.” Consider that misinformation is information that merely happens to be false, whereas disinformation is false information purposely spread.

Similarly, mispronunciation is people trying too feebly and in vain to say our names — and dispronunciation is people saying our names incorrectly on purpose, as if to remind us whose country this really is.

Look, I would love to live in a society where both names were said right by most people.

My expectation has never been that anyone should know how to say it before being …

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

И как я хотел проникнуться сознанием свободы, хотя бы на одно это утро…” [How nice it was out there in the open!

И в самый разгар освободительных идей, так же, как во времена Батыя, большинство кормит, одевает и защищает меньшинство, оставаясь само голодным, раздетым и беззащитным.

Доктор и Мария Викторовна пили красное вино, шампанское и кофе с коньяком; они чокались и пили за дружбу, за ум, за прогресс, за свободу и не пьянели, а только раскраснелись и часто хохотали без причины, до слез.

Ваш Редька ненавидит меня и всё хочет дать понять, что я поступил с нею дурно.

Он по-своему прав, но у меня тоже своя точка зрения, и я нисколько не раскаиваюсь в том, что произошло.

Oochy woochy coochy coo.

Oochy woochy coochy coo.

SPOCK: Oochy woochy coochy coo, Captain?

Oochy coochy coochy coo.

Oochy woochy coochy coo.

Phrases that use peak include off-peak, peak oil, and peak time.

This meaning explains why people sometimes write the eggcorn peak one’s interest instead of pique one’s interest – they may picture that interest peaking.

To remember when to use the spelling peak, think of how the capital letter A is like a mountain.

Picture the spelling as peAk, if that helps.

Policing grammar on the radio looks at an example of usage-peeving, wherein a journalist who spoke on Irish radio was criticised by one listener for her grammar:

This headline appeared on the front page of the Guardian website last weekend and came to my attention via Mercedes Durham on Twitter:Vaccine trials halted after patient fell ill restartIt’s quite the syntactic rug-pull.

The story itself has a far more intelligible headline: ‘Oxford University resumes Covid-19 vaccine trials’.

Cached versions on the Wayback Machine suggest that that’s also how it was originally published – the confusing headline appears only on main pages.

If spatial limits or convention prevented the inclusion of that were, the relative clause could have been favourably set off with commas:Vaccine trials, halted after patient fell ill, restartOr, even less conventionally a…

One day the boy, Willie, is home from school for lunch and sees his exercise book still untouched.

Willie thought in his head, in English, “He is not only a fraud, but a coward.” The sentence didn’t sound right; there was a break in the logic somewhere.

I’m curious about what ‘didn’t sound right’ to Willie in the first formulation of the line.

Are they odd in combination, or would either alone sound odd too?

These questions are pretty much moot, since we don’t know exactly what Willie, or Naipaul, thinks about not only .

A fresh batch of linguistic items for your listening, viewing, and reading (lots of reading) pleasure.

There are a few new language podcasts on the scene, but I’ll save those for a separate post.

A brief history of strange English street names.

Using the Irish language on a headstone in England.

A brief history of word games.

Alfred Hitchcock’s comedy-thriller The Trouble with Harry (1955), amidst all its talk of murder and romance, has a fun little exchange of sociolinguistic interest between John Forsythe (‘Sam Marlowe’) and Edmund Gwenn (‘Capt.

Those who correct others’ speech uninvited often do so in a rude and judgemental way.

Marlowe corrects Wiles gently and off-handedly, as though automatically correcting a child.

The script for The Trouble with Harry was written by John Michael Hayes.

I don’t know if the same exchange appears in the source novel by Jack Trevor Story, but Hitchcock obviously liked it.

I’ve been greatly enjoying videos by Geoff Lindsey, an accent coach from the UK who also gives courses at University College London.

His YouTube channel has about 20 videos to date, mostly around 5 or 10 minutes long, on a wide range of topics to do with pronunciation and phonetics.

‘Most folks are amazed when they see the inner life of speech,’ Lindsey says in a fascinating, Stranger Things–themed primer on the human vocal organs that provides a snapshot of what happens anatomically when we speak:Here he reveals what superhero names can tell us about stress patterns in English compounds – why, for example, we say Super man but Invisible Woman :Lindsey’s older videos are shorter and more ex…

A girl can’t tell secrets in front of girls who aren’t friends, because only friends should hear her secrets.

Because ASL words are formed by hand shapes, they cannot be written as English words can.

In addition to being more efficient than writing to each other in English, using this private language reinforces their feeling of closeness and of the uniqueness of their rapport.

Any two people can devise a private language, and many who are close do.

I can relate to the more general observations on private language – its creation (and loss) in romantic relationships, and also its continual expression in families, maybe especially among siblings.

My limited knowledge of Scots and Scottish English when I was young was based on caricatures in comics, particularly ‘Hot-Shot Hamish’.

Linguistically it has been described as a continuum spanning Broad Scots and Standard Scottish English, with considerable variety in between.

A common misconception is dispatched on the Spellin an Grammar page of Scots Wikipedia: ‘Scots isna juist Inglis written wi orra wirds an spellins.

It haes its ain grammar an aw.’It is wirds that are showcased in Cauld Blasts and Clishmaclavers, a new book by Robin A. Crawford, whose publisher, Elliott & Thompson, sent me a copy.

Cauld Blasts and Clishmaclavers is a constant pleasure, thrang (‘densely packed’) with a …

According to @cinexina, the word would be merder, “definitely the best translation if the word ‘shit’ is absolutely required.

Literally shit show would be spettacolo di merda, but that’s not an idiom.

@forzaviola15 gave Viennese German: ein Schas (“literally means fart”).

Icelandic gives us skítasýning, according to @DisaBjarna (I looked it up: literally ‘shitshow’).

In Indonesian, per @irfanfq and @kalaMMaya, it would be acara sampah – which translates literally to ‘trash event’.

Nancy: Both SCHIIT and DOUCHEBAGS treat the profanity in their respective brand-name stories.

Go ape Schiit.” “And Schiit happens,” I agreed.” “If you don’t have our stuff, you’re up Schiit creek,” Lisa added.

What do you say, Anne—do Schiit and Douchebags pass the distinctiveness test?

Nancy: On the other hand, if you want to advertise Schiit or Douchebags on the public airwaves to an English-speaking audience, you’ll probably run into roadblocks.

But good luck getting NPR’s Scott Simon or “The View” ladies to talk about Schiit headphones or Douchebags backpacks.

Pull up a chair, my little dears, and I’m going to tell you a sad tale of fallen words, a story about how little dears – or should I say words for ‘little’ and for ‘dear’ – started out lovely and beloved and ended up scorned and scornful.

It also gave rise to Latin carus ‘dear’, which is the source of such words as French chéri(e) and English charity.

And it also gave rise to Proto-Slavic *kury and to Germanic *hōraz, *hōrǭ, and *hōrą.

The meaning of *kury foretells the sense of its descendants in all of the Slavic languages: ‘whore’.

This barely begins to address the thorny and twisted social attitudes towards sex work, of course – it’s just an insight into etymology and the effects of ide…

The book also features what appears to be the word’s antonym: the phrase ass up.

So what do slang experts have on unass and ass up?

GDoS also has two senses for ass up: ‘take drugs’, in US Black slang, and as part of the phrase ass up to, meaning ‘toady to, curry favour’, dating to at least 1970 per the Dictionary of American Regional English.

Wiktionary has unass ‘get out of (a vehicle or building)’, and there are some inevitable half-assed entries in Urban Dictionary.

But you can bet your arse I’ll find a way to use unass in conversation today.

On my blog about British words and expressions adopted in America, Not One-Off-Britishisms, I’ve written briefly a couple of times about “bollocks,” originally meaning testicles and since used in all sorts of colorful ways.

I imagine that the move to acceptability occurred following the 1977 album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here’s the Sex Pistols.

It’s this: American “bollix up” does not derive from “ballocks”=”testicles,” but rather from an older verb with a different etymology, “ball.” The OED‘s first definition: “Of a shoe (esp.

Also with the horse as subject.” The dictionary has citations, all but one American, dating from 1760.

The expression “balls-up,” mentioned previously, meaning a b…

Rather than see masks as an annoyance, why not regard them as an opportunity for self-expression?

(Hat tip: Jordie Welles)Here’s a highly specific sport mask for baseball fans who give zero fucks about rival pastimes.

Each of these perky designs—I’m a Ray of Fucking Sunshine, Fresh Out of Fucks, and Zero Fucks Given—will set you back $14.

used in place of an obscenity, especially in comic strips.” Logo-adorned swag includes pillows, mugs, T-shirts, notebooks, and, of course, reusable masks.

You can also buy the fabric by the yard for sewing your own masks, curtains, quilts—you name it.

Once upon a time, dear StrongLangers, we made a promise to keep you regularly updated with interesting sweary tidbits from the Wide World of Web.

It has been, we note with embarrassment, more than 30 months since we posted Sweary Links #25.

Not with 30 months of links: are you fucking kidding?

An excerpt:Scripts were sent to Ian Martin, a comedy writer from Lancashire tasked with making the swearing more creative.

pic.twitter.com/Yh3gB7B4A4 — Jesse Sheidlower (@jessesheidlower) May 12, 2020*[Dont forget to say “tennis.” Don’t forget to say “tennis.” Don’t forget to say “tennis”…] pic.twitter.com/X3Ia2CRqkA — David Hobby (@strobist) May 17, 2020*Question posed:Question answered:*How should w…

When John Boorman and his team were filming Deliverance in rural southeast US, they faced difficulties not only in handling the unforgiving location but also in making certain scenes suitable for eventual TV broadcasting.

One scene in particular proved a challenge: Jon Voight and Ned Beatty’s brutal encounter with two sadistic locals in the woods.

According to Boorman, the film’s producers suggested that he shoot the scene two different ways, so that there’d be a version suitable for TV.

That directive led to the film’s most famous line, spoken by Bill McKinney playing Mountain Man: ‘Squeal like a pig’ (squeallikeapig.com, incidentally, was McKinney’s website address).

‘Squeal like a pig’ w…

Where ordinary words water our worlds with a garden hose, taboo words open a fire hydrant.

Cognitive psychologists rely on this fact; they sometimes use taboo words as distractors in stimulus-response experiments to slow down responses in contrast with ordinary words.

So why do we use taboo words in certain circumstances?

Taboo words are charged with a strong emotion and a sense of danger and of breaking norms, and they zap the discourse with that charge when we deploy them.

Language is behaviour, and loose use of taboo language is by definition misbehaviour.

And here in the virtual Strong Language enclave, we’re thinking about illness-inspired swearing.

But in two European languages, Dutch and Yiddish, the tradition of sickness-cursing is alive and thriving.

In American English you “laugh your ass off”; in Dutch you “laugh yourself the pleurisy” (lachen je de pleuris).

(Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the thin layers of tissue that separate the lungs from the chest wall.)

A kramp (a kram, a kortsh) im in layb (in boyakh, in di kishkes, in di gederem, in di finger).

This comes to us from aviation, where the throttles are topped with knobs and are pushed fully forward for maximum power.

First, the OED has no record of the term “monkey” or “brass monkey” used this way.

And third, a pyramid of cannonballs on the rolling deck of a wooden ship is a laughably bad idea.

In literature, in the period circa 1850–1930, we find examples of “blow the nose off a brass monkey,” “shave the whiskers off a brass monkey,” “freeze the tail off a brass monkey,” and Thomas Wolfe wrote “It would freeze the balls off a brass monkey — that’s how cold it gets.” It’s looking pretty solid that we’re talking testicles here.

It ain’t his natural stuff, he couldn’t break a wind-er p…

Right, Wrong, and RelativeA while ago at work, I ran into a common problem: trying to decide whether to stop editing out a usage I don’t like.

But this time, I kept thinking about what makes a usage right or wrong and how we as editors decide which rules to enforce and which ones to let slide.

Even if all the copy editors in the English-speaking world were to edit it out, it will likely continue to thrive in speech and unedited text.

Some usage dictionaries have relied on corpus data to find out what actual usage is, though finding out what usage is doesn’t tell us which usage is right.

It mostly doesn’t attempt to declare what’s right and wrong.

First off, those little dots that appear in words like coöperation aren’t umlauts: they’re diaereses.

That is, the second o in coöperate has a diaeresis over it, but you’d say that the New Yorker uses diaereses in words with doubled vowels.

The word diaeresis comes from the Ancient Greek word for ‘division’, from diairein ‘to divide, separate’, from dia– ‘apart’ + hairein ‘take’.

Umlauts look just like diaereses—you could call diaereses and umlauts homoglyphic—but they’re used in a very different way and have a distinct origin.

For example, the modern German word schön was written schoene in Middle High German (around 1050 to 1350 AD).

Q: How do you interpret a negative construction with “or” rather than “and”?

A: Most negative constructions with “or” and “and” are pretty straightforward.

“A pie without strawberries and cherries is awful” means that a pie without both of them is awful.

You may be thinking of the complications that arise when the word “both” appears in certain kinds of negative constructions.

Put the negative part where it belongs: One of the children, not both, got the flu.

Q: After reading your article about “hard” and “hardly,” my thoughts wandered to “hard of hearing.” Where did this originate?

Why don’t we talk about “hard of seeing,” “hard of tasting,” etc.?

A: The phrase “hard of” has been used in this way since the early 14th century.

So the expression “in nesh and hard” meant in all circumstances—that is, in easy times and hard.

The phrase “hard of hearing” appeared in writing more than two centuries later: “The testatrixe was hard of hearinge.” From a deposition in a 1564-65 case about a will, cited in Child-Marriages, Divorces, and Ratifications, etc.

Q: I have a question about this passage from Shakespeare: “Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore.” I’ve never seen “like as” used this way before.

When “like as” introduced a clause, the word “like” was “an emphatic modifier” of “as,” according to the Oxford English Dictionary.

A bit later in the 15th century, “like as” began being used “for emphasis or clarity” when introducing a subordinate clause “preceding the main clause introduced by anaphoric so,” according to Oxford.

(The anaphoric so here refers readers to the subordinate clause).

The passage from Shakespeare that you’re asking about introduces a subordinate clause at the beginning of Sonnet 60: “Like as the waves make t…

Of course, for all practical purposes the word hasn’t changed, either in its meaning or in the way it’s used.

In the scholarly comprehensive grammars, the word has merely shifted in some cases from one lexical category (adverb) to another (preposition).

Used with a complement, they’re said to be “transitive prepositions”; used without one, they’re “intransitive prepositions.”The newer interpretation has only gradually made its way into major books on English grammar.

In this book, words that Quirk had previously classified as either postmodifying adverbs or prepositional adverbs are newly categorized as prepositions.

The Cambridge Grammar uses “transitive” for prepositions that have a compl…

Q: I was reading this verse in the King James Version of the Bible: “Thou also, son of man, take thee a tile, and lay it before thee, and pourtray upon it the city, even Jerusalem.” Ezekiel 4:1.

From Guthlac B, an Old English manuscript based on Vita Sancti Guthlaci (Life of Guthlac), an 8th-century Latin work by Felix of Crowland, an East Anglian monk.

Although the OED considers this use of “even” archaic, it still shows up occasionally in modern fiction that strives for a feel of ancient times.

The most recent Oxford citation, for example, is from The Fellowship of the Ring (1954), by J. R. R. Tolkien: “Maybe thou shalt find Valimar.

And check out our books about the English language and …

Q: I was wondering if you know the origin of the expression “come hell or high water.” I just used it to say I intend to vote in November come hell or high water.

Notions of hell have inspired many expressions over the years, including “until hell freezes over” (meaning never, 1832); “to hell and back again” (a very long way, 1844); “raise hell” (cause great trouble, 1845); “to hell and gone” (to ruin or destruction, 1863); and “not a hope in hell” (impossible, 1923).

The expression you’re asking about—“come hell or high water,” meaning despite all obstacles—first appeared a century and a half ago in a somewhat different form.

Here’s an expanded version of the citation:“Too puny a voice min…

Q: We grew up pronouncing “satiety” as SAY-she-uh-tee, which is very close to the French it comes from.

A: We haven’t seen any evidence that Spanish is responsible for the usual modern pronunciation of “satiety” (suh-TIE-uh-tee) or that French inspired the less common pronunciation (SAY-she-uh-tee).

English has had quite a few different spellings and pronunciations of “satiety” (the state of being filled with food, drink, etc.)

And in Anglo-Norman, which greatly influenced Middle English, it was sacieté and sazietet.

Eight of the ten online standard dictionaries we regularly consult offer only one pronunciation for “satiety,” either suh-TIE-i-tee or suh-TIE-uh-tee.

Q: I’m wondering if the “polka dot” pattern has any connection to the “polka” dance.

The term “polka dot” comes from the dance in 2/4 time (two quarter notes per bar), which was especially popular in the 19th century.

During the polka craze, the name was often attached to fabrics, clothing, and fashion accessories as a marketing tactic.

textiles, fashion accessories, or articles of clothing, as polka hat, polka pelisse, etc.”Elsewhere in its entry for the noun “polka,” the dictionary mentions “polka jacket,” “polka gauze,” and “polka curtain-band” (for looping up curtains).

Here’s an expanded version of the citation:“It was announced that a Mr. Karponky & his scholars would dance the grand …

Q: When you’re readying a video for viewing, do you cue it up or queue it up?

In a recent search with Google’s Ngram Viewer, which compares terms in digitized books, “cue up the video” appeared, but not “queue up the video.” And in searches of the News on the Web corpus, a database of terms from online newspapers and magazines, “cue up the video” edged out “queue up the video,” though the results for both were scanty.

In contemporary English, the verb “cue” has several meanings: (1) to use a cue in pool, billiards, or snooker; (2) to prompt someone or something; (3) to insert (usually “cue in”) something in a performance; (4) to prepare (usually “cue up”) a recording to play.

The OED doesn’…

Q: I assume that when you’re “teed off” at someone, the usage comes from golf, but I can’t for the life of me see a connection.

A: Yes, the metaphorical use of “teed off” to mean angry or annoyed comes from golf.

The first example we’ve found is from a California newspaper: “The Giants teed off on the Mississippi cat, Guy Bush, and his successor, Charlie Root, for six runs in the third inning” (San Bernardino Sun, July 19, 1934).

We found this example in a Texas newspaper: “Attorney General Gerald Mann teed off on both O’Daniel and Johnson” (Borger Daily Herald, June 22, 1941).

These days, of course, pease porridge is known as split-pea soup.

Q: As a judge, I would like to know about the origins of “status quo” and statu quo, the former in English and the latter in French legal language.

A: “Status quo” and statu quo, English and French terms meaning “the present state of affairs,” are both believed to come from an expression in post-classical Latin, in statu quo.

Although “status quo” is the usual spelling of the phrase in English whether it’s a subject or an object, “statu quo” is sometimes seen in English writing in the expressions “in statu quo” and “in statu quo ante,” prepositional constructions that are generally used adverbially.

All of the dictionary’s early English examples for “status quo” and its relations italicize …

Q: The terms “gender assignment” and “sex assignment” give me pause.

A: The use of the terms “sex assignment” and “gender assignment” for designating the sex of a newborn child is relatively rare, though an etymological case could be made for this sense of “assignment.”We’ve found only 42 examples of “sex assignment” and 100 of “gender assignment” in recent searches of the News on the Web Corpus, a database of newspaper and magazine articles from 2010 to the present.

The dictionary includes this among examples in which “assign” means to “fix or specify.”The use of “sex assignment” or “gender assignment” for determining the sex of a newborn is relatively new.

By the way, all but one of the s…

She’ll be on Talk of Iowa today from 10 to 11 AM Central time (11 to 12 Eastern) to discuss words of the pandemic.

Help support the Grammarphobia Blog with your donation.

And check out our books about the English language.

Q: My friend uses the phrase “dead-on balls accurate,” which I looked up because of its ridiculousness.

A: As far as we can tell, “dead-on balls accurate” showed up for the first time in My Cousin Vinny.

Here, for instance, is the headline of a Jan. 1, 2019, customer review on Amazon.com: “Dead on balls accurate!

Lisa: Because a split second before the torque wrench was applied to the faucet handle, it had been calibrated by top members of the state and federal Departments of Weights and Measures, to be dead-on balls accurate.

(She tears a page from a magazine)Vinny: Dead-on balls accurate?

Q: John Campbell, a YouTube celebrity offering Covid advice, has said a “vast minority” of young people are not observing social distancing.

Although “vast majority” is a common collocation, I had never heard “vast minority” before.

A: No, Campbell didn’t coin the phrase “vast minority.” It appeared in writing more than two centuries earlier.

The oldest example we’ve found is from an anonymous 19th-century religious tract ridiculing a writer who had referred to Roman Catholics as “a large portion of the inhabitants” of Ireland:“you ought to have called the Papists, at once, the vast minority of the inhabitants: you could not gain less credit.” (A Vindication of the Most Rev.

The Oxford Engl…

My son just called me about some Hindi books I wanted him to order for me.

The way he said the word "Devangari" made me chuckle.

Moreover, I have heard other Americans pronounce "Devanagari" as "Devangari".

It is a phrasing with lipi ("script") as nāgarī lipi "script relating to a city", or "spoken in city".

PronunciationDAY-və-NAH-gər-ee; देवनागरी, IAST: Devanāgarī, Sanskrit pronunciation: [deːʋɐˈnaːɡɐɽiː])(Source)EtymologyFrom Sanskrit देवनागरी (devanāgarī), compound of देव (deva, “deity, divine”) + नगर (nagara, “town, city”).

« previous post |That's the title of a new book (Oct. 7, 2020) from Routledge edited by Henning Klöter and Mårten Söderblom Saarela, with the following subtitle: Historical Trajectories, Language Planning, and Multilingual Practices.

This is the publisher's book description:Language Diversity in the Sinophone World offers interdisciplinary insights into social, cultural, and linguistic aspects of multilingualism in the Sinophone world, highlighting language diversity and opening up the burgeoning field of Sinophone studies to new perspectives from sociolinguistics.

The book begins by charting historical trajectories in Sinophone multilingualism, beginning with late imperial China through to…

« previous post |From the person who bought the hair clipper described in this post:"Card hair, and be careful to get an electric shock" (10/22/20)They now tell us:The hair clipper had to be returned.

We did not comfortable enjoy: when we finally got a comb fitted to the cutting head, the clipper did not work — it did not cut hair.

This was our second attempt to buy a clipper (my hair is getting shaggy).

The earlier attempt brought us a much more expensive high-end German clipper, costing more than three times as much.

So so long as there's Chinese and so long as there's English, there will always be Chinglish.

« previous post |With notes on 兑, 說 / 説, 悦, 銳, 脱.

Pronunciation 1 is derived by causative devoicing of 悅 (OC *lod, “to relax; to be delighted”) (pronunciation 3).

(source)The basic etymon for this word family is 兑 / 兑 (MSM duì / yuè / ruì; see above).

the mouth is divided when smiling); in either case, the character would be the original character of 悅 (OC *lod, “pleased”).

Cognate with 愉 (OC *lo, “happy; pleased”), 說 (OC *hljods, “to speak; to explain”), 脫 (OC *l̥ʰoːd, *l'oːd, “to take off (clothes); to escape”), 偷 (OC *l̥ʰoː, “to steal”).

One day, many years ago, my wife and I were invited for lunch at the home of an Indian friend, in Poona.

What that meant was that the young Indian boy was being trained to memorize endless series of what, for him, were nothing more than nonsense syllables.

The Bhagavadgītā obviously was the first and only Sanskrit text the boy had been taught to recite.

I was only supposed to be in admiration at the boy's oral recitation of a famous Sanskrit text.

Perhaps an equivalent feat of memorization in Chinese culture would be mastering how to write six thousand or more characters.

If you could find out what "card hair" is, it will bring me peace of mind.

Meanwhile I will be careful to get an electric shock.

To solve the problem of how the scary wording "Be careful to get an electric shock!"

came about, that is actually standard Chinglish for:xiǎoxīn diànjí 小心电击 / 小心電擊 ("b eware of electric shock" — more literally, "careful electric shock") OR d āngxīn chùdiàn 当心触电 / 當心觸電 ("b eware of electric shock" — more literally, "careful / look out / pay attention to electric shock")There are many examples of this type of usage under "Selected readings" below.

As for "not card hair", it must be some sort of transmutation of "without having to comb your hair", since shū (tóu)fǎ 梳…

« previous post |Jonathan Silk wonders how this mistranslation from Latin to Dutch occurred the same way in English:I just checked the Latin → Dutch and Latin → English translations, and they've both been fixed.

When I checked them earlier this morning, about two hours ago, they still had the "wasabi" mistranslation.

For quite a few years now, I have reported on the national spelling bee (usually in May).

Now, however, as I am preparing a post on Indian feats of memorization, I could not help but wonder about the fate of the 2020 national spelling bee.

"Tough words, little drama, familiar champ in virtual bee"The article begins thus:The upstart ex-spellers who launched an online spelling bee to fill the void left by the canceled Scripps National Spelling Bee had little trouble running an efficient, and sufficiently challenging, competition.

When the two other remaining spellers misspelled words back to back before his turn, victory in the closest thing to a national spelling bee in this pandemic-disrupt…

And though he’s only been working with Duguid’s other lawyers for a matter of weeks, Garner’s influence on Duguid’s just-filed merits brief is unmistakable.

The summary of Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid at oyez.org:Noah Duguid brought this lawsuit because Facebook sent him numerous automatic text messages without his consent.

Duguid sued Facebook for violating a provision of the Telephone and Consumer Protection Act of 1991 that forbids calls placed using an automated telephone dialing system (“ATDS”), or autodialer.

Noah Duguid's brief starts like this:QUESTION PRESENTEDWhether the Telephone Consumer Protection Act’s definition of “automatic telephone dialing system,” 47 U.S.C.

§ 227(a)(1), enco…

« previous post |09/12/2020 Look ‼️ How Chinese teacher is torturing our Mongolian kids in Bayangol Mongolian autonomous state in Xinjiang.

China bans the Mongolian language in Xinjiang from 2017.

The teacher is visibly frustrated trying to make a Mongolian child pronounce a Chinese expression and make him recognize Chinese nationalistic emblems.

09/12/2020Look ‼️ How Chinese teacher is torturing our Mongolian kids in Bayangol Mongolian autonomous state in Xinjiang.

The teacher is visibly frustrated trying to make a Mongolian child pronounce a Chinese expression and make him recognize Chinese nationalistic emblems.

Nǐ de huò lā lā lā bù lā lā bù lā duō?

Huò lā lā lā bù lā lā bù lā duō yào kàn nǐ de huò lā dé duō bù duō.

Rú guǒ lā dé bù duō jiù lā nǐ de lā bù lā duō, rú guǒ lā dé duō jiù bù lā nǐ de lā bù lā duō.

"你的货拉拉拉不拉拉不拉多？货拉拉拉不拉拉不拉多要看你的货拉得多不多。如果拉得不多就拉你的拉不拉多，如果拉得多就不拉你的拉不拉多。"Google Translate:"Your cargo pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls more?

The correct translation would be something like this:"Nǐ de Huòlalā / lā bù lā / Lābùlāduō?

« previous post |30 years ago, Don Hindle explored the idea of calculating semantic similarity according to predicate-argument relations in text corpora, and in the context of that work, I remember him noting that we tend to purchase wine but buy beer.

He didn't have a lot of evidence for that insight, since he was working with a mere six-million-word corpus of Associated Press news stories, in which the available counts were small:wine beer purchase 1 0 buy 0 3So for today's lecture on semantics for ling001, I thought I'd check the counts in one of the larger collections available today, as an example of the weaker types of connotational meaning.

In the 14-billion-word iWeb corpus, the cou…

Did Marco Polo get "Jipangu" from the Mongols?

The final vowel could attempt a representation of ô, since a W would rather be read as û.

Mehmet OlmuzLinks for the world map from Kashghari: here, here, and hereI was not sure about jaBarqa till Marcel wrote about that.

(Mahmud ibn Hussayn ibn Muhammed al-Kashgari was an 11th-century Kara-Khanid scholar and lexicographer of the Turkic languages from Kashgar.

Al-Kashgari studied the Turkic languages of his time and in Baghdad he composed the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, the Diwan Lughat al-Turk (Arabic: "Compendium of the languages of the Turks").

« previous post |Yesterday my wife challenged me to identify the person in a photo she sent.

I decided to cheat, by using Google Image Search — and the results were very strange.

We've posted often about weird AI behavior in Speech-to-Text and Machine Translation and other NLP applications.

Image processing has its own litany of weirdness, which is not often a topic here for obvious reasons.

But this case does have a linguistic aspect, namely the cited links…The original photo came from the website of one of my nephews, so this odd result is a plus for my family, I guess.

Now there is a new book that puts the ordering and retrieval capabilities of the alphabet in a historical, lexicographical, and epistemological context:"'A Place for Everything’ Review: Ordering the Universe", by Katherine A.

As such, it often met with hostility or perplexity: “Alphabetical order,” Ms. Flanders observes, “looked like resistance, even rebellion, against the order of divine creation.

Ms. Flanders proceeds to trace the gradual acceptance, and eventually dominion, of the alphabet over the storage, organization, and retrieval of information and knowledge.

Among diehards, the resistance to the alphabetical ordering of dictionaries, indices, and so forth continues to the present d…

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Last round, we had not quite enough options, so here is a new poll, since I realise I forgot a few very important ones. Next round the bottom few will be swapped out for: [ŋɪf] [ʒaɪv] [ꭊyβ] (/ꭊ/ is the velar trill) View Poll submitted by /u/thomasp3864 [link] [comments]

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Check out the 2020 LingComm Grant winnersIn 2020 we gave out 4 LingComm Grants.

The 2020 LingComm Grants were $500 (USD) to support a linguistics communication project that brings linguistics to new audiences in engaging ways.

We plan to keep tweaking the structure of the LingComm Grants in future years based on what we’ve learned.

If you’re thinking of starting a lingcomm project, or any scicomm project, check out the resources page on the LingComm Grants website.

Twitter: @AnansaBenbowFollow The Black Language Podcast on various podcast platforms and @blacklangpod on Twitter and on Instagram.

In this episode of Lingthusiasm, your hosts Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne get enthusiastic about the relationship of the translator and the text.

You can also download an mp3 via the Soundcloud page for offline listening, and stay tuned for a transcript of this episode on the Lingthusiasm website.

To receive an email whenever a new episode drops, sign up for the Lingthusiasm mailing list.

Being a patron gives you access to bonus content and lets you help decide on Lingthusiasm topics.

Email us at contact [at] lingthusiasm [dot] comGretchen is on Twitter as @GretchenAMcC and blogs at All Things Linguistic.

Transcript Episode 48: Who you are in high school, linguistically speaking - Interview with Shivonne GatesThis is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 48: Who you are in high school, linguistically speaking - Interview with Shivonne Gates.

I ended up at the University of Sheffield and really, really loved it because there was a lot of flexibility in what we were able to study.

It’s really, really quite different.

I think that’s a real shame when that’s such an integral part of who you are and your identity.

Lauren: Of course, even though you don’t do linguistics research in your day-to-day job, you are always a linguist.

Most Esteemed and Venerable Audience!

In this episode, your hosts Lauren and Gretchen get enthusiastic about honorifics.

We talk about how various languages encode social hierarchies in grammar, vocabulary, and the ways we address people.

Which, of course, takes us into a small detour into how “thou” has switched in English and the faux-archaic musical genre of bardcore.

Listen to the honorifics bonus episode and get access to 43 more bonus episodes by supporting Lingthusiasm on Patreon.

Lingthusiasm Episode 48: Who you are in high school, linguistically speaking - Interview with Shivonne GatesHigh school is a time when people really notice small social details, such as how you dress or what vowels you’re using.

We talk about her research on accents in the UK, doing collaborative research with young people, and linguistics research jobs outside of academia.

Help Lingthusiasm stay ad-free and get access to over 40 bonus episodes by supporting us on Patreon.

Announcements:We have teamed up with Crash Course to write the 16 video series Crash Course Linguistics.

Lingthusiasm is created by Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne.

Merch with WugsWe’re now selling a limited range of custom design merch adorned with wugs.

The 1958 wug – which is in the public domain – has become a mascot for linguistics; profits from the sale of this merch will go towards the 2021 LingComm Grants.

Our merch with wugs range includes:For more wug links, including Jean Berko Gleason’s 1958 creation of the wug, how copyright and fair use apply to wug fanworks, and wug art and merch by various people, we’ve compiled an FAQ about the wug, which we will keep updated here.

Pangrams are sentences that contain all of the letters of the alphabet, like the famous “the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” and the more obscure “Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow!”.

In this episode, Gretchen and Lauren get enthusiastic about pangrams and the further questions that they raise about the structure of various languages.

Tell us about your favourite pangrams on the Lingthusiasm Discord in the #new-episodes channel!

(Or if you’re reading this from the future, feel free to revive the topic of pangrams in the #old-episodes channel!)

Listen to the lingcomm on a budget bonus episode and get access to 42 more bonus episodes by supporting Lingthusiasm on Patreon.

Transcript Episode 47: The happy fun big adjective episodeThis is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 47: The happy fun big adjective episode.

English is a language that’s very prone to bringing words to cross over into other lexical categories.

I mean, I just said the “really adjective-y adjectives,” which makes “adjective,” which is itself a noun, into an adjective.

They call them “property concepts” because it’s not clear that all of them are actually adjectives.

I mean, kind of the Greek and Latin one except not entirely because they didn’t actually necessarily think adjectives were entirely their own thing.

Lingthusiasm Episode 47: The happy fun big adjective episodeAdjectives: they’re big, they’re fun, they’re…maybe non-existent?

In English, we have a fairly straightforward category of adjectives: they’re words that can get described with a comparative or a superlative, such as “bigger” or “most fun”.

In this episode, your hosts Lauren Gawne and Gretchen McCulloch get enthusiastic about adjectives!

–This month’s bonus episode is about doing LingComm on a budget - plus the Lingthusiasm origin story!

To receive an email whenever a new episode drops, sign up for the Lingthusiasm mailing list.

So we decided make this episode about how to start a lingcomm project on a budget.

In this bonus episode, Gretchen and Lauren get enthusiastic about how we got started doing linguistics communication when we were both broke grad students.

Announcements:By popular demand, our IPA, Tree and Esoteric Symbol designs are now available on these new non-medical reusable fabric masks from Redbubble.

On our store you’ll find the white IPA characters on black, red or navy, and the esoteric symbols in white on black or green on black.

Listen to the lingcomm on a budget bonus episode and get access to 41 more bonus episodes by supporting Lingthusiasm on Patreon.

Transcript Episode 46: Social dance of phaticsThis is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 46: Social dance of phatics.

In fact, someone was like, “Well, you say ‘You’re welcome.’” It’s just like, “Ah.” Yeah, I guess that is an answer as well, but it’s not my first, informal default.

Lauren: I think when everyone is joining in a square dance, you don’t really notice that you’re all seamlessly participating in the same dance.

You had to learn new dance steps and new social dance steps at the same time.

We’re participating in a particular dance, and you’re seeing someone who’s doing this dance, and there’s still space to have the deep heart-to-heart conversations.

The Because Internet audiobook is read by its author and Lingthusiasm cohost, Gretchen McCulloch.

Only there’s one problem: where’s our other cohost, Lauren Gawne?

The solution: we have now recorded a reaction track of Lauren saying “ah,” “mhm,” “yup” and other appropriate backchannelling for you to play on loop alongside the Because Internet audiobook!

Bonus: this reaction track also makes all your other audiobooks 50% more Lingthusiastic!

Get Because Internet, a book about internet linguistics for anyone you communicate with online, right here, in paper, ebook, or audiobook form (and newly in paperback!

Lingthusiasm Episode 46: Hey, no problem, bye!

In this episode, your hosts Lauren Gawne and Gretchen McCulloch get enthusiastic about the social dance of phatic expressions.

Different cultures highlight the similarities and differences between music and language in various ways, which we’ve received lots of questions about!

You can also download an mp3 via the Soundcloud page for offline listening, and stay tuned for a transcript of this episode on the Lingthusiasm website.

To receive an email whenever a new episode drops, sign up for the Lingthusiasm mailing list.

Different cultures highlight the similarities and differences between music and language in various ways, which we’ve received lots of questions about!

New masksBy popular demand, our IPA, Tree and Esoteric Symbol designs are now available on these new non-medical reusable fabric masks from Redbubble.

On our store you’ll find the white IPA characters on black, red or navy, and the esoteric symbols in white on black or green on black.

Also check out our Schwa (Never Stressed) pins, IPA scarves, IPA socks, and more at RedBubble.

Listen to the linguistics with kids bonus episode and get access to 40 more bonus episodes by supporting Lingthusiasm on Patreon.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

The Allusionist is the best work I’ve ever done.

Here is my Twitter statement from when I found out about it all, and another a few days later in support of the PRX staff.

Bear in mind that I don’t work at PRX and therefore have limited insight into what has happened and is happening there.

I have, however, been part of Radiotopia, a network with a mostly white line-up.

The relevant part for you is if you have donated to Radiotopia to support this show, your largesse will no longer reach me.

CREDITS:Back in two weeks with a new episode - HZThis month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

The word for ‘ghostwriter’ in French is a racist slur. How did THAT come about? And what word could French-speakers say instead?

So maybe I can dismiss these signs of respect because I haven't had to demand respect as a human being.

Oh, that's sweeet; but I'm going to name it after the town in England where my nanny's from, because I'm homesick.

And I still hear a lot of people who cannot remember what you're supposed to call a male flight attendant.

And I've been trying to see if there any particular patterns in the ways that gendered language is gender things.

Could it be that I only don't like it when there's the implication of some kind of social change attached?

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

The Allusionist is a member of the podcast collective Radiotopia from PRX.

Download his songs at palebirdmusic.com and hear more of his composition on the new science podcast for kids Maddie’s Sound Explorers.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

The Allusionist is part of the podcast collective Radiotopia from PRX.

CREDITS:The Allusionist is part of Radiotopia from PRX, a collective of excellent podcasts.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

CREDITS:The Allusionist is part of Radiotopia from PRX, a collective of excellent podcasts.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

CREDITS:The Allusionist is part of Radiotopia from PRX, a collective of excellent podcasts.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

The Scots language didn’t have much of an LGBTQ+ lexicon.

Read more about Josie’s work on the LGBTQ+ lexicon, including a lot more terms, at bit.ly/lgbtscots.

There are some previous Allusionist episodes that go alongside this episode, including:Oot in the Open, about the Scots language, oppressed for hundreds of years and even people of my generation were beaten at school for using it.

Queer, about the changing usage of the word ‘queer’.

And for Pride month, there’s this early episode about the choice of the word ‘pride’.

Content note: though the episode is educational and thoroughly untitillating - I know, I know, what a disappointment - the nature of the topic is such that the episode may not be suitable for all audiences or circumstances.

About winged penises.

Very interesting history of Holywell Street, the hotbed of Victorian porn bookshops that has since been demolished.

About the Secret Museum in Naples, where the excavated Pompeiian sexual art was bricked up for 100 years.

Read the first appearance of ‘pornographer’ in Athenaeus’s Deipnosophistae, if you so wish…

More information about how the 1939 poster campaign was put together…then taken apart.

This video about the poster turning up at Barter Books makes Barter Books look like the prettiest bookshop in the world!

Most fun way to stabilise bookcases I can think of.

More background about the poster campaign from the Imperial War Museum.

By Owen Hatherley: “The poster isn’t just a case of the return of the repressed, it is rather the return of repression itself.

This is the Tranquillusionist, in which I, Helen Zaltzman, in the interests of temporarily trying to stop that feeling where you think your brain is trying to claw its way out of your skull, read the punchlines to classic jokes.

The beautiful music in this episode was specially composed by Martin Austwick.

Martin has made several albums, which you can hear at palebirdmusic.com and if you search for Pale Bird on Spotify.

The Allusionist proper will be back from break in May.

I am relieved to tell you that today I finished the owl jigsaw puzzle that has been vexing me since the previous Tranquillusionist.

- HZThe Allusionist is a proud member of Radiotopia from PRX.

You can now listen to all Talk the Talk episodes by copying and pasting this URL into your pod listener thing.

http://danielmidgley.com/talkthetalk/talk_classic.xml

CEDAR: Yeah, yeah.

BEN: Yeah, yeah.

CEDAR: Yeah, yeah.

CEDAR: Yeah, yeah.

Yeah, yeah, yeah.

We’re talking to pronoun expert Dennis Baron on this episode of Talk the Talk.

(with Dennis Baron)Download this episodePromoTtT promo 2020-02-18 with Tom Reynolds: Theyhttps://www.patreon.com/posts/34128392Patreon extras for this episodeEpisode 394: What’s Your Pronoun?

(with Dennis Baron) coming soonReflections on 394: What’s Your Pronoun?

394: What’s Your Pronoun?

Become a Patreon supporter yourself and get access to bonus audio and video, extra blog posts, Talk the Talk merch, our infamous Leave That In!

We’re listening to your responses on this episode of Talk the Talk.

Listen to this episode393: Push and Pull (Live Q&A)Download this episodePromoTtT promo 2020-02-12 with Tom Reynolds: Pushhttps://www.patreon.com/posts/33954936Patreon extras for this episodeEpisode 393: Push and Pull for everyonePatreon supportersWe’re very grateful for the support from our burgeoning community of patrons, includingAdieCarolinChrisdcctor wohLyssaTermyBobKristoferMattAndrewKittyLord MortisHelenBinhJackNigelDamienDustinLarryMichaelWhitneyGillesYou’re helping us to keep the talk happening!

Become a Patreon supporter yourself and get access to bonus audio and video, extra blog posts, Talk the Talk merch, our in…

Daniel and Ben are speaking to Jane Setter, author of Your Voice Speaks Volumes, on this episode of Talk the Talk.

Listen to this episode391: Your Voice (with Jane Setter)Download this episodePromo with Tom ReynoldsTtT promo 2020-02-04 with Tom Reynolds: Voicehttps://www.patreon.com/posts/33819937Patreon extras for this episodeEpisode 392: Your Voice (with Jane Setter) for everyoneReflections on 392: Your Voice for patronsLeave That In!

392: Voice (with Jane Setter) for patronsPatreon supportersWe’re very grateful for the support from our burgeoning community of patrons, includingAdieCarolinChrisdcctor wohLyssaTermyBobKristoferMattAndrewKittyLord MortisHelenBinhJackNigelDamienDustinLarryMic…

It’s Word of the Year time, and there are more words than ever before.

We bring you the results from the yearly American Dialect Society vote, and from dictionaries around the world on this episode of Talk the Talk.

Listen to this episode391: Words of the Year 2019Download this episodePromo with Tom ReynoldsTtT promo 2019-01-28 with Tom Reynolds: WotY2019https://www.patreon.com/posts/ttt-promo-2019-33513355Patreon extras for this episodeEpisode 391: Words of the Year 2019 for everyoneLeave That In!

391: WotY2019 for patronsPatreon supportersWe’re very grateful for the support from our burgeoning community of patrons, includingAidieCarolinChrisLyssaKateTermyBobKristoferMattAndrewKittyLord Mo…

George and Joey Windsor use the various names of COVID-19 as a jumping off point to talk about naming diseases.

Note that this episode was recorded in May, and quite a lot has changed in the intervening time.

Top of Show Greeting: ChátsuSpecial mentions (from top of show note): A list of BLM charities, When We Stay In, Corley English (YouTube, Bilibili, website)LInks and Resources:

Links:Script:Welcome to Conlangery, the podcast about constructed languages and the people who create them.

In what time I have, I’ve been able to do a little bit of conlanging, and I wanted to share a little bit about my plans there.

Before we get to that, Conlangery is entirely supported by our patrons on Patreon.

I’m going to link to the Google Docs where I’m working on these languages so people can look at what I’ve done so far.

I’m probably going to be seeking feedback about my migrations and such, as I’m getting a bit out of my depth there.

George brings on David J Peterson and Jesse Sams to talk about their new livestreaming adventure, LangTime Studio.

Top of Show Greeting: NekāchtiTranscript

So, “The river runs north,” versus, “I ran a six-minute mile.” I think that’s a pretty clear example.

George: That’s really interesting the way that you do that.

That’s really interesting, especially taking into consideration that it is a posteriori and so you had to work within historical context.

George: That’s great.

Follow us on Facebook, Tumblr, and Twitter by searching for “Conlangery.” Conlangery is entirely supported by our patrons at Patreon.

George brings on two conlanger DMs, Joey Windsor and David J Peterson, to discuss how to incorporate conlanging into Dungeons and Dragons and other role-playing games.

Joey: Well, I’m gonna take the cue like, George, you already brought out Matt Colville as a DM.

Joey: Not as much as I want to, and I think that’s a matter of time.

So, you’re definitely gonna have more than one spouse unless you’re gonna be living a long, lonely time if there’s intermarriage there.

David: Well, I mean, anything that’s in D&D, that’s just the way it starts, right?

Как связаны Иисус, фокус-покус и айфоны, откуда Нолан взял ключевое слово «Довода» и как сочинить действенное заклинание? Лингвист Оксана Калмыкова — о логике магических языков от древних манускриптов до современного фэнтези. https://knife.media/language-of-magic/

В комментариях справедливо уточнили, что речь не о шотландском гэльском, а о германском варианте (scots), который больше похож на английский, но явно не до степени смешения.

Пользователь Реддита выяснил, что почти все статьи Википедии, написанные на шотландском — языковая бессмыслица. Один и тот же человек на протяжении многих лет «переводил» английские статьи на шотландский, пользуясь единственным онлайн-словарем. Если слово не находилось, то его просто оставляли на английском. Самое веселое, что редактировал все это американец, в принципе не владеющий языком. В результате, шотландская Википедия выглядит так, как если бы Дэвид Теннант читал вслух ее английскую версию.

Придется поделиться с вами и @lingvojokes этим, не могу больше держать такое сокровище у себя

✅ Порция лингвоссылок: ➡️ Откуда взялись автомобилистки, авиаторши и циклистки на Снобе — опять о феминитивах. Помимо авиаторш и авиаторок, бывают еще и авиатрисы, оказывается. Местами все это напоминает попытки сказать «человек, который спит» одним словом: спатель, спун, спец, спляк. ➡️ Очередной нейросервис — This Word Does Not Exist (видимо, младший брат нашумевшего This Person Does Not Exist). Конструирует несуществующие слова, неотличимые от существующих. Они настолько похожи на «настоящие», что даже хочется проверить в словаре — действительно ли они не существуют. ➡️ Мы тут недавно рассуждали о принципиальной разнице между диалектами английского и русского. А вот пост на Хабре об отли…

Канадская романистка с волшебным именем Эмили Сэнт-Джон Мэндел узнала, как растёт доля книг со словом girl в названии и написала об этом статью «Исчезнувшая девушка с татуировкой дракона в поезде». Там много забавной статистики.

— только каждую пятую из таких книг пишет мужчина;

— 65% из заглавных girls —вполне себе великовозрастные женщины;

— зато в книгах авторов-мужчин заглавная girl втрое чаще погибает или пропадает;

— и, наконец, самое страшное: похоже, что пик тренда ещё не достигнут, и нам предстоит ещё прочитать много книг про девушек с разными татуировками в разных видах транспорта. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-gone-girl-with-the-dragon-tattoo-on-the-train/

Сайт словаря Merriam-Webster предлагает небольшой и увлекательный квиз по названиям английских цветов. Очень пригодятся знания романских языков: в корнях слов всплывают латынь, испанский, французский и многие другие. Удачи!

Поделюсь еще одним маленьким личным достижением. Гигант мысли и повелитель клавиатуры @vas3k_channel запустил Infomate — личную RSS-ленту по разным тематикам. В чем соль: если вы интересуетесь технологиями, блокчейном или маркетингом, то теперь есть одностраничные подборки, где собраны главные медиа, блоги, сабреддиты и ютуб-каналы по этим темам. Подборки обновляются раз в час, поэтому не нужно открывать десять сайтов, теперь достаточно одной страницы. Я решила немного выделиться на фоне технарей и айтишников и собрала свою подборку по лингвистике. Помимо классных подкастов, комиксов и серьезных изданий (передаю привет @sysblok!) там есть телеграм-каналы коллег @lingvojokes, @glazslov, @lin…

Владислав Демьянов ведёт параллельный русско- и украиноязычный канал о переводе и локализации. Нашла там советы Нетфликса по субтитрам, дубляжу и адаптации аудио- и видеоконтента. Будет хорошим подспорьем для всех, кто увлекается переводом сериалов и фильмов. @translation_localization

@pereklad_lokalizatsiya

❤️ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktidpf8Cx0I

Ксенолингвистика — не очень точная наука, которая готовит нас ко встрече с Чужими. Почему стоит слать сообщения в космос, кто лучше всех справится с инопланетянами и как самому стать пришельцем? https://knife.media/speaking-with-aliens/

Поделюсь с вами важной для себя статьей, где я наконец-то смогла свести две большие любви: лингвистику и космос. Статья большого успеха не имела, в комментариях прекрасно писали «нахера нам знать это неприменимое к жизни фуфло» (орфография авторская). Не буду спойлерить фильм «Прибытие», только скажу, что можно и с инопланетянами пообщаться, и личную жизнь устроить. Да и вообще, может Чужой на самом деле милашка, надо было с ним просто поговорить нормально, а не орать сразу.

На выходе может получиться такая красота

Генератор искусственных языков бесплатно создаёт глоссарий из 200 слов, в платной версии - из 4000. Есть возможность устанавливать свои правила, выбирать нужные фонемы, орфографию и грамматику и сверяться с подробной таблицей IPA.

Красота: новая лунная программа NASA названа в честь богини Артемиды — сестры Аполлона.

Пропустила в то время, спасибо @usywilly за открытие

http://lurkmore.to/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9

twitter.com/ohhiiana/status/1310292916154380288

Пиксельные портреты рок-звезд на панельках, новые работы Zoom и Бэнкси, калининградская серия Kant is watching you — на несправедливо маленьком канале «Пока не закрасили» @streetart_locations девушка Лена собирает клевый свежайший стрит-арт (по возможности с указанием автора, города и точного адреса!) и вообще новости из мира граффити, муралов и прочего городского искусства: https://t.me/streetart_locations #реклама

twitter.com/vlad_dfe/status/1310159095345934336

от @ii132

подборка от @Z1Z8S0b

Мне очень нравится, как язык всегда сам начинает наматываться на существующую реальность. Вот, скажем, Путин потихоньку из имени собственного становится нарицательным и склоняется как нарицательный. Зарином, героином, Путином

Подкаст новосибирской журналистки Риты Логиновой (вы могли видеть ее в выпуске Дудя про ВИЧ). Ссылки на все платформы есть в её посте:

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=3338783146168893&id=100001117224394&ref=bookmarks

от @relias_fabre

Хорошее название?

twitter.com/fat_belfegor/status/1309400676422877185

О мультфильме пермской телестудии «Как Ваня жену выбирал»: "В целом фильм одобрили, но цензорам категорически не понравилась полка в доме Бабы-Яги, точнее, бутыль на ней с наклейкой «Бабий яд». Оказалось, здесь увидели прямую ассоциацию и насмешку над Бабьим Яром — это место на Украине, где немецкие войска массово казнили гражданское население во время Второй Мировой войны. Эти кадры пересняли, а в конечный вариант мультфильма вошла надпись «Бабий дар»". https://59.ru/text/entertainment/69476829/

Нижний Новгород

twitter.com/rockamark/status/1308770751407849474

«Дододошный период истории Маврикия — когда на нем еще не обитала птица дронт, он же додо. Сегодня мы, к сожалению, живем в постдодошном периоде». Источник: https://t.me/nonstopfiction/1307

​​Этих ребят не остановить! С-Е-Г-О-Д-Н-Я в 10:30 начнется трансляция лучшей конференции для журналистов МЕДИАЗАВТРА — событие, которое нельзя пропустить, даже если ты в домике. 15 топовых медиаэкспертов в прямом эфире расскажут, как создавать успешные проекты, которые любит аудитория, как использовать тренды во благо себе и изданиям и что такое независимая журналистика в новом мире. В гостях: ⭐️ Владимир Познер, журналист и телеведущий

⭐️ Алексей Пивоваров, журналист, создатель YouTube-канала «Редакция»

⭐️ Лика Кремер, сооснователь студии подкастов «Либо/либо»

⭐️ Максим Ильяхов, редактор И другие замечательные люди, о которых вы узнаете совсем скоро! Подписывайся на канал МЕДИАЗАВТРА и лов…

БОЛГАРСКИЙ ОТВЕТ Хрестоматийна история о том, как Лермонтов, перелагая стихотворение Гейне «Ein Fichtenbaum steht einsam», передал немецкое существительное мужского рода Fichtenbaum словом женского рода «сосна» (у других переводчиков — «кедр» и даже «дуб») и немецкая любовная тоска Fichtenbaum’а-мужчины по далекой пальме-женщине превратилась в русское «На севере диком...» — в текст то ли о лесбийской любви, то ли вообще не о любви, а о «прекраснодушных мечтах» (Л. В. Щерба). Филологи отметили такой ироничный парафраз этой переводческой игры с грамматическим родом. В переводе лермонтовского стихотворения «Утёс» на болгарский язык, выполненном Пенчо Славейковым, «утёс-великан» вынужденно пере…

ГУЛЯЩИЙ ПОСОЛ Для слова «шляться» этимология восстанавливает праславянскую форму sьlěti sę, что роднит его со словом «сълати» ‘посылать’. При этом семантически «слать» выступает в отношении «шляться» в качестве каузатива, то есть «слать» = ‘заставлять шляться’, так же как, например, «будить» выступает каузативом в отношении глагола «бдеть» («будить» = ‘заставлять бдеть’). Тем самым важное слово «посол» и грубое слово «шлюха» (от «шляться») этимологически оказываются близки. Но есть и различия. Если шлюха погуливает по доброй воле, то посол к этому действию, так сказать, каузирован. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

РЕВОЛЮЦИИ Уже довольно давно в отечественном официально-патриотическом публицистически-новостном дискурсе слово «революция» перестало употребляться само по себе — только в составе словосочетания «цветная революция». То есть любое народное волнение стало мыслиться как результат вредительской работы неких западных политтехнологов. В связи с этим вспоминается одна древняя история. Когда-то в нескольких языках майя в Мексике слово čih значило 'олень'. После того, как европейские захватчики завезли на континент овец, последних стали называть tunim čih или tušnok' čih 'хлопковый олень'. Со временем овец делалось все больше и больше, к ним привыкли — и отбросили ненужное уточнение; так čih преврат…

КОЕ-ЧТО О БРАТЕ ЛОРЕНЦО Вновь вошедшие в моду отравления заставляют обратиться к театральной классике — их истокам. Брат Лоренцо, одно из главных действующих лиц трагедии Уильяма Шекспира «Ромео и Джульетта», всегда остается немного в тени. Настолько в тени, что даже сам его заявленный в предыдущем предложении статус, может вызвать у неподготовленного читателя удивление. Между тем у нас, кажется, есть веские основания полагать, что гибель обоих влюбленных организована и срежиссирована (разумеется, из лучших побуждений) именно им — тем, кого в исследовательской литературе называют подлинным христианином, мудрым и проницательным. Рассмотрим только факты. 1. Брат Лоренцо, после недолгого жеман…

​​МЫШ ИЛИ МЫШЬ Сказка Льюиса Кэрролла Alice's adventures in Wonderland вышла на английском языке в 1865 году. С тех пор она неоднократно переводилась и перекладывалась на русский. Мы просмотрели следующие переводы: (1) Алиса в стране чудес (перевод Н. Демуровой),

(2) Алиса в стране чудес (перевод Б. Заходера),

(3) Аня в стране чудес (перевод-пересказ В. Набокова),

(4) Приключения Алисы в Стране Чудес (перевод Ю. Нестеренко),

(5) Приключения Алисы в Стране Чудес (перевод Н. Старилова),

(6) Алиса в Стране Чудес (перевод А. Кононенко). Нас интересовал вот какой важный вопрос. В некоторых русских вариантах мышь Соня фигурирует как существо женского рода (1, 2, 4), а в некоторых — как существо м…

​​ЖИВАЯ ЦИФРА Из одного (реального) исследования средней продолжительности жизни, опубликованного в 1835 году. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

АНТЕРЕСНЫЕ СЛОВА Заимствования могут попадать в диалекты по-разному. Первый путь — они могут прийти из языков тех народов, с которыми непосредственно контактируют носители диалекта. Второй путь — они могут прийти из литературного языка, который в свою очередь эти слова заимствовал из каких-либо языков. Во втором случае иноязычные слова, которые нам знакомы из литературного языка, могут подвергаться разнообразным преобразованиям, прежде всего фонетическим. Вот, например, несколько слов, записанных в говорах Среднего Приобья (Томская и Кемеровская области) во время экспедиций 1946 — 1978 гг. Сможете ли вы распознать в них знакомые вам слова литературного языка? Иритетный На́лист Шланг Гиблия Л…

​​НА ИЛИ В Корпусные данные свидетельствуют, что стихийно формирующаяся традиция употребления такова: «на ютуб-канале», но «в телеграм-канале». Кажется, здесь можно видеть признак того, что в случае с двумя этими медиа актуализируются два разных значения слова «канал»: ютуб — 'линия связи, коммуникации', телеграм — 'извилистый сосуд, орган, полость, через которые проходят те или иные вещества'. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

КАК У НАШИХ ПИСАТЕЛЕЙ СЛЕТАЛА ШЛЯПА «Подъезжая к Белеву, сделался мне прелютейший обморок».

(Д. И. Фонвизин) «Подъезжая к Оханску, везде почти поля, и селения очень часты».

(А. Н. Радищев) «Однако же, подъезжая к реке, множество отпряженных телег не оставили в нас никакого сомнения относительно дурного состояния моста».

(П. П. Вяземский) «Подъезжая к Шмелеву, у меня так и забилось сердце».

(И. И. Панаев) «Все это было сделано, подъезжая к деревне».

(А. И. Герцен) «Подъезжая к самому укреплению, открывается зеленая широкая полоса камыша, и кой-где из темной зелени выглядывает серебристая Сырдарья».

(Т. Г. Шевченко) «В аллее, и уже подъезжая к отелю, у ней начали вырываться восклицания…»

(Ф. …

С ЧЕМ ОХОТИТЬСЯ НА ТРОЛЛЕЙ Статья о том, как интернет-тролли быстро выдают себя — вне зависимости от языка, на котором пишут. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0236832

МИССИЯ: ПЕРЕВЕСТИ ТОСКУ «Капитанская дочка», перевод: Marie H. de Zielinska, 1877 Тоска взяла меня; я отошел от окошка и лег спать без ужина…

I turned from the window, seized by BITTER SADNESS, and went to bed without supper…

-------------------------------- «Герой нашего времени», перевод: J. H. Wisdom, Marr Murray, 1916 … и тоска овладела мной; и, тоскуя, просиживал я на утесе целые дни…

… and YEARNING has taken possession of me, in my ANGUISH I have spent whole days on the cliffs…

-------------------------------- «Белые ночи», перевод: Constance Garnett, 1918 С самого утра меня стала мучить какая-то удивительная тоска.

From early morning I had been oppressed by a strange DESPONDENCY. … и…

КАК НЕНАРОКОМ НЕ ВЫДАТЬ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ТАЙНЫ, ЕСЛИ ВЫ ЗАНИМАЕТЕСЬ ФИЛОЛОГИЕЙ 1. Помните, что русский язык является государственным языком Российской Федерации, поэтому сбор и распространение любых сведений о его структуре и функционировании могут быть расценены как государственная измена. 2. Не думайте, что осторожность надо проявлять лишь при изучении синхронного состояния русского языка. История языка способна дать врагам ключи к осмыслению его нынешнего положения. В связи с этим не заблуждайтесь относительно того, будто древнерусский язык может хранить только какие-то древние государственные тайны. 3. Особенно берегитесь исследования диалектного варьирования русского языка. От него руко…

ТВОЕ ЛИЦО «Рот» этимологически связан с «рыть», «рыло»; это то, чем роют. «Губа» этимологически то же, что диал. «губа» ‘гриб’, это такой же нарост на лице, как какой-нибудь гриб на дереве. «Голова» этимологически родственно слову «желвак», это такая твердая шишка на теле. «Глаз» этимологически означает ‘круглый камень’, ‘шар’. И без того трудно смотреть в зеркало, а тут еще эта этимология. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

КОПЬЕНОСЦЫ Слово «фриланс», то есть англ. freelance, буквально «свободный копьеносец», придумал Вальтер Скотт, обозначая им в романе «Айвенго» средневекового воина, свободного от обязательств перед каким-либо сюзереном. В русском переводе вальтер-скоттовское Free Lances передано как «вольная дружина». Переносное значение у этого существительного возникло в 1860-е гг., в начале XX века оно было осмыслено как глагол, откуда и freelancer, то есть «фрилансер». Человек с копьем и в русском языке оставил следы. Такое изображение было вычеканено на монетах, которые получили название «копейка». Неприятная ассоциация для фрилансеров. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ СОННИК Мы получаем много писем с просьбами растолковать значение какого-нибудь лингвистического сна. Следуя пожеланиям читателей, публикуем первую часть лингвистического сонника. Если вам приснился суффикс, ждите визита неприятного человека. Видеть во сне приставку означает пополнение в семье. Если женщина во сне увидела имперфект, значит скоро ее возлюбленный надоест ей. Если приснился Зализняк — встреча со стариком в казенном доме. Интонационная конструкция №4 — скандал в семье. Если вам приснилась фонема , будет спор со столичными жителями, затем совместная безобразная пьянка вплоть до потери человеческого облика. Видеть во сне страдательный залог — наступают трудные врем…

Максим Руссо написал подробную статью об истории присвоения имен циклонам: https://polit.ru/article/2020/09/21/ps_cyclone/

Эксперимент над википедией — как статья о городе влияет на туризм. Удивительных выводов нет, но вдруг вы сомневались в значимости википедии: https://t.me/staroderevenskiy/4107

Не падайте духом, товарищ Ресепшин.

Узнал, что транспортная карта в Сочи называется «Пальма». А в Сан-Франциско транспортная карта называется Clipper в честь парусников (это символически отражено и в их дизайне). В англовики есть список транспортных карт по странам (List of smart cards). Он не очень качественный и явно неполный, но некоторое представление об именовании карт составить можно. В общем, если вы придумываете интересное название, то воздержитесь от слов go, smart, touch. От слова карта/card вы вряд ли куда-то денетесь. Но интересные названия попадаются — и московская Troika по мировым меркам названа очень удачно.

А вот ещё небольшая топонимическая новость. В городе Шэньчжэне (это который рядом с Гонконгом) открыли станцию метро «Хуавэй» (华为). Да, названа в честь коммуникационной компании Huawei, у которой там рядом офис. Так можно.

Узнал, что месяц сентябрь по-турецки называется «эйлюль». Как я понимаю, сирийское происхождение (где-то там от слова «урожай»): https://t.me/TurkMoustache/581

Иногда смотришь на написание слов на каком-нибудь языке (скажем, английском или французском), потом на произношение — и не веришь, что произношение может так сильно уехать незаметным для всех образом. Но послушайте, как американцы (а иногда и британцы) произносят сейчас слово people. Очень часто это не «пипл», а «пхипл». И никто не замечает.

Ну наконец-то: https://meduza.io/feature/2020/08/08/belorussiya-ili-belarus

Как минимум, пара десятков сообщений по Ctrl+Enter на сочетании «на Украине» — мои.

https://meduza.io/feature/2020/08/06/iz-za-microsoft-excel-uchenym-prishlos-pereimenovat-27-chelovecheskih-genov-programma-putala-ih-nazvaniya-s-datami

В русском языке большая транспортная станция называется «вокзал» в честь английской станции Vauxhall. А в современном эстонском языке станция называется jaam в честь древнерусского слова «ям». Откройте, например, карту Таллинна, и там по-русски будет написано «Балтийский вокзал» и рядом по-эстонски Balti jaam. На самом деле, слово «ям» не исконно русское, а чуть ли не монгольское (систему ямов ввели при монголо-татарах).

В Новой Шотландии в Канаде есть место с такими улицами: This Street, That Street, The Other Street: https://twitter.com/qikipedia/status/1287281499914600450

Партизанское переименование улицы в Берлине: https://twitter.com/dw_russian/status/1284850060023476224

У компании Reebok имеется отдельный бренд Weebok для маленьких детей — потому что они "r" не выговаривают

#sözler #слова Всё знают, что Средиземное море турки называют Ак Дениз (Ak Deniz), что означает Белое море. А российское Белое море называется в Турции -Beyaz Deniz. И переводится как Белое море. Вот вам и 50 оттенков белого :)

Ещё в португальском (старосветском) Paris звучит примерно так же

https://i.imgur.com/nc51lzZ.png

Всем, кто изучает русский как иностранный, известно, что там совершенно безумные глаголы движения. Как правильно: «ты ходила в магазин?», «ты сходила в магазин?», «ты пошла в магазин?» или «ты шла в магазин?» В японском языке у глаголов движения тоже есть занятные особенности: они делятся на «идти от ментального якоря» или «идти к ментальному якорю». Смысл фразы «мы приехали в Индию» можно выразить двумя способами:

1. インドに行った индо ни итта — если мы сейчас не в Индии

2. インドに来た индо ни кита — если мы сейчас там Из глагола 来る куру («приезжать, возвращаться») и места назначения можно также делать существительные:

来日 райнити — приехать в Японию

Слово «райнити» мож…

(2/2)

Результаты экзаменов, тестов и экспериментов показывают, что достижение носительского уровня возможно, хотя большинство изучающих его не достигает. Почему? По разным причинам. Не все стремятся имитировать L1, для многих иностранный язык это хобби, другие учат его из практических целей (чтобы читать или смотреть на нём медиа), и тратить избыточное количество сил на изучение им может быть банально лень. С научной точки зрения известно, что для достижения носительского уровня необходимо два связанных компонента: мотивация и практика. И это же объясняет, почему дети «хорошо» учат языки. Взрослые люди, даже если они приехали на новое постоянное место жительства, имеют сложившийся круг обще…

Если вы когда-нибудь изучали какой-нибудь неродной вам язык, особенно во взрослом возрасте, то наверняка слышали нечто подобное:

* уровень носителя для взрослых недостижим, его могут достичь только дети

* сколько ни занимайся, вы не сможете говорить как шотландка. Иностранный акцент — это навсегда

* писать как пакистанец вы никогда не будете Важно отдавать себе отчёт в том, что все эти заявления отталкиваются от идеи «носительского» как «идеального» или «желанного», что не обязательно верно, но сегодняшний текст не об этом. Возможно ли достичь носительского уровня в неродном языке?

Здесь и далее для обозначения родных языков будет использоваться сокращение L1, которое значит «языки, усвоенн…

https://shtyrbu.name/all/navigaciya/ Блог переводчика с объяснениями разного рода несовпадений русского и английского. Например: Winston’s diaphragm was constricted. (Оруэлл)

Диафрагма Уинстона была сжата. (досл. пер.)

Уинстону стало трудно дышать. (в пер. Голышева) Hearing a single word could completely change a man’s entire life... (в пер. Бромфилда)

Одно услышанное слово могло полностью изменить всю жизнь человека... (Пелевин) In the course of the 20th century, Greece saw a lot of internal conflict. (The Economist)

В течение 20-го века в Греции неоднократно происходили внутренние конфликты. Можно использовать для улучшения переводческого навыка или как путеводитель по необычным для русск…

Если спросить знающего только английский язык человека, сколько в английском гласных звуков, вам ответят «Пять! A-I-U-E-O!». На вопрос, неужели в словах father и cat буква «a» означает один и тот же звук, вы скорее всего получите молчание в подтверждение известного выражения «рыбы — не ихтиологи». Для того, чтобы говорить по-английски, не нужно знать, что там от 14 до 21 гласного звука (в зависимости от диалекта). Но как насчёт того, чтобы изучать их: их же надо как-то называть? У нас конечно есть Международный фонетический алфавит, да будут лета его долги, но выговаривать «огубленный гласный среднего ряда средне-верхнего подъёма» каждый раз — сомнительное удовольствие. Тем более, что один …

Столько лет жила и не знала, что у оленей бывает примерно четырехнедельный период в году, который называется... Собственно, потому, наверное, и не знала, что по-русски толком он никак не называется. То "гон", то "рёв". Из второго еще хоть как-то понятно, о чем речь, а из первого для обывателя ничего не ясно. А по-польски есть отличное слово "rykowisko" (ryk - рёв). К тому же, рифмуется со словом "widowisko" - "зрелище". Ну, теперь вы тоже знаете. И это rykowisko начинается как раз в эти дни. Говорят, очень захватывающее это явление, и много где в Польше можно на него посмотреть. У Лины Старостиной есть стихи как раз про rykowisko. * * * озёра дремлют в сытости туманной

лес изморозью выстеле…

Всем привет! Как некоторые из вас знают, в рабочее от свободы время я уже года 3 преподаю польский язык (русский как иностранный тоже, но всё меньше). С середины сентября готова взять еще несколько учеников. Я создала авторский курс из нескольких занятий по постановке прозношения (отзывы о курсе - в скриншотах по ссылке ниже), но и обычные, назовём их так, занятия, в том числе и с нуля, тоже предлагаю. Заниматься можно онлайн в любом удобном мессенджере с видеосвязью - FB, WhatsApp, Zoom. Мне очень интересны увлеченные и целеустремленные ученики, потому как и я тогда работаю веселее и продуктивнее 😊 Репост и рекомендации всячески приветствуются. А в качестве бонуса по ссылке на ютюб - перво…

Хотела вечерок попереводить не отрываясь, но тут увидела у Вики в канале "Много свиста от лингвиста" перепост лингвистического сонника из "Глазария языка", ну там, например: • Если вам приснился суффикс, ждите визита неприятного человека.

• Видеть во сне приставку означает пополнение в семье.

• Если женщина во сне увидела имперфект, значит скоро ее возлюбленный надоест ей.

• Если приснился Зализняк — встреча со стариком в казенном доме.

• Интонационная конструкция №4 — скандал в семье.

• Если вам приснилась фонема , будет спор со столичными жителями, затем совместная безобразная пьянка вплоть до потери человеческого облика.

• Видеть во сне страдательный залог — наступают трудные времена, во…

((в день русского языка - о языках других; совпадение тем случайно!)) Если думать о языках как о людях, то вот что получается. На французский я смотрю как на симпатичного молодого человека (да, однозначно, это мальчик), с которым будто бы флиртую - не потому, что французский принято считать языком всяческих амуров, просто так получается. "Будешь, чертяга, моим", - говорю ему, и постоянно хочу понравиться своей речью (в разговорах с своей француженкой, например, на уроках раз в неделю; но понравиться хочу не учительнице, а самому языку, используя какие-нибудь красивые обороты; язык для языка, красота - для языка, подарок с волнением - придётся ли по вкусу?), так что мы с французским определе…

Подборка из архива журнала "Практики и интерпретации" - ко Дню филолога: Сергей Зенкин о проблемах перевода (а еще - о “французских пробелах” в русской культуре, “эффекте Барта“ и воротничке кардигана): http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/38 Георгий Хазагеров о риторике, грядущей "эре метонимии" и необходимости "быстрого недопонимания": http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/19 Евгений Яблоков о параллельных мотивах, антидвойниках у Булгакова, протеичности героев Платонова и истоках «общества постправды». http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/75 Борис Гаспаров о "шуме времени", своей музыкальной биографии, терапевтической силе незнакомого языка,…

Таким был мой 2019-й Разбила список на блоки, чтобы было проще ориентироваться. Переводы, лингвистика • Короткометражка про переводчиков-синхронистов, которую номинировали на Оскар

• Ссылка на ролик о том, как делать доклад, если вас синхронно переводят.

• Как устроена профессия переводчика (Т—Ж)

• О серьезных отличиях перевода человеком от исправленного машинного перевода

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Пока есть канал "Много свиста от лингвиста", а в нём - ссылки на всякое интересное языковое, любой карантин может себе спокойно длиться, я считаю.

Вот, казалось бы, уже десять лет живу с польским языком, уже всего секреты и изподвыверты знакомы. Как тут - прямо к юбилею наших взаимоотношений - подоспело слово, которое мне раньше не попадалось, да к тому же из серии false friends. Ну уж там-то, казалось бы, чего? А там - stroiciel. Только он совсем не строитель, а настройщик пианино (пока не нашла, бывает ли "строичель" других инструментов). И ведь логично, если stroić - настраивать. Теперь понятно, через какое слово проще будет объяснять полякам русский глагол "расстраиваться", который всегда нелегко перевести, спасает только контекст.

Привет, дорогие остающиеся тут подписчики. Пока я собираюсь с мыслями и размышляю, вести ли канал, занимаясь другими своими делами, некоторые время даром не теряют. Среди читающих "Лингваренье" есть много тех, кто интересуется польским языком (или уже его знает) и Польшей вообще. Так вот как раз для вас сегодня моя рекомендация - канал "-ов среди - skich" - ссылка тут: @rusopol

Гоша, - спрашиваю я автора канала, - как же описать его в двух словах? "Напиши: эмигрант с бэкграундом в социальной антропологии, бизнесе и общественной деятельности) рефлексирует на тему своего места в Польше и в жизни". Но я еще пока немного порефлексирую на тему лингваренья, а пока давайте почитаем, что в этой Пол…

Довольно часто я говорю сама себе: упрощай, не городи, бритва Оккама не просто так существует, хватит придумывать варианты и нагромождать мысли. Про это "упрощай" у меня есть история: как-то раз я выгуливала сербскую туристку, мы зашли в кафе, и мне зачем-то понадобилось слово "брусника".

Вообще не помнила, как оно переводится. Я начала рассказывать, мол, это красная ягода, растет на болоте, кислая, из нее делают варенье... Милица меня не понимала. В конце я сдалась и такая: "блять, ну брусника!

И Милица такая: "аааа! Брусница!"

На днях читала про всяких мифических зверушек и наткнулась на исландское мимими - Йольского Кота. Этот пушистый огромный няшка развлекается тем, что нападет и съедает тех людей, которые не купили и не надели новую (шерстяную) одежду перед Рождеством. О тех, кто таки не обновил гардероб, говорят "hann fór í jólaköttinn", то есть "Он надел на себя рождественского кота" (навлек на себя проблемы)