Как и большинство произведений древнегреческой литературы, «Рес» и «Прометей прикованный» дошли до нас в благодаря тому, что их копии сохранили византийцы.

Аргументы скептиков сводились к тому, что в остальных пьесах Эсхил демонстрирует почтение к Зевсу, а в «Прометее» тот выступает как жестокий тиран и самодур.

При этом в «Троянках» 7398 слов, а в «Ресе» — 5628.

В пару объединяются сначала тексты А и В, расстояния между которыми наименьшие.

«Рес» выделен синим цветом, «Прометей прикованный» красным ПоделитьсяЗдесь кажется, что подозрения скептиков имеют под собой основания: и «Рес», и «Прометей прикованный» выбиваются из рядов других текстов.

Вполне, возможно, что не только на русском.

Каждый из языков России несёт в себе часть культурной идентичности всей страны.

Понимая это, издательский дом «ПостНаука» вместе с ведущими учёными запускает проект «Языки России» — большую мультимедийную «энциклопедию» о языках, на которых говорят сегодня или говорили последние столетия жители России.

А в коми мягкие согласные — ещё мягче, чем в русском.

Уже готова интерактивная карта языков России, которая будет пополняться по мере выхода глав энциклопедии.

Чтобы правильно интерпретировать научный текст без изменения его смысла, нужно знать язык на высокопрофессиональном уровне.

Поэтому к переводу текстов, посвященных различными сферами науки, необходимо привлекать людей, имеющих смежную квалификацию в определенном направлении.

Они знают, как правильно оформлять квалификационные научные работы переводят стандартные сокращения, не допускают отклонения от формулировок либо определенного применения терминологии.

Услуга поможет, чтобы:Опубликоваться в сборнике материалов международной конференцииОпубликоваться в журнале, индексируемом в WoS (SCI, SCIE, SSCI, A&HCI, ESCI)Опубликоваться в журнале ВАК или индексируемом в RSCIОпубликоваться в журнале,…

Среди всех языков мира самым популярным и широко распространённым является английский — именно по этой причине желающих записаться на языковые курсы по этому языку больше всего.

Но чтобы изучить английский, вовсе не обязательно тратиться на дорогие языковые школы и репетиторов — иногда достаточно обзавестись парой хороших обучающих книг.

Регулярные практики аудирования и устной речиСамым эффективным в изучении английского языка можно назвать комплексный подход, сочетающий в себе теорию и практику в правильных сбалансированных пропорциях.

Можно использовать для этого как англоязычные не дублированные фильмы и музыку, так и специальные обучающие материалы.

Устную речь можно оттачивать не толь…

В разработке участвовали исследователи из Австралийского исследовательского центра электронного здравоохранения и Университета Квинсленда.

Вместо вычисления на основе последовательности слов, ответы чат-бота выводятся из связок между миллиардами терминов.

Фразы с низкой степенью уверенности могут быть отправлены обратно пользователю в виде вопросов (например, человеку, который спрашивает чат-бота о симптомах болезни).

Разработчики убеждены, что в будущем технология позволит добиться более естественного, глубокого и увлекательного взаимодействия между людьми и машинами.

Убеждения и «личность» чат-бота будут лучше адаптированы к пользователю.

Основная задача DeepHD состоит в улучшении изображения и видео в реальном времени.

Алгоритм работает как со старыми пленками, так и с трансляциями в прямом эфире.

Схема обработки изображения с помощью деблокинга (устранение помех сжатия) и быстрой «легкой нейросети».

Восстановление займет много времени, но результат будет похож на DeepHD.

Мультфильм, который прошёл «домашние» оцифровку и реставрациюС помощью программ Combustion и VirtualDubMod возможно поправить цвет, повысить резкость и убрать шумы.

Они записали фоновые звуки и пение птиц в нескольких районах Сан-Франциско.

В студии ученые сравнили звуковые дорожки с пением птиц за разные годы.

Песни птиц в Марине за это время не поменялись.

«Снижение шумового загрязнения — это польза не только для дикой природы, но и для нас, даже в действительно ужасное время», — говорит она.

Физиолог Сью Энн Золлингер выяснила, что городские птицы меняют уровень гормона стресса в крови и медленнее развиваются в гнезде.

Анатолий Старостин: Можно ли сформулировать коротко так, что на сегодняшний день интеллектуальность систем очень сильно скоррелирована с интеллектуальностью тех данных, на которых эта система учится?..

Мир фантастики на то и мир фантастики, чтобы быть впереди и чтобы двигать, давать спектр движения для того, чтобы производить технологии.

Николай Любимов: Нет, ну всё-таки мне кажется, что… Представь себе, что… Я уверен, что человеку такая задача тоже недоступна.

И это, на самом деле, происходит с очень большой избыточностью и с очень большими ошибками.

И что в нём по-другому и какие в нём задачи решаются этим искусственным интеллектом и как вообще он может выглядеть?

Так исследователи отслеживали мозговую активность испытуемых, их эмоциональное состояние и мурашки.

Результаты ЭЭГ выявили высокий тета-ритм в центральной, правой префронтальной и правой темпоральной областях головного мозга.

Обычно этот показатель колеблется от 3 до 7 Гц, но при прослушивании приятной музыки и ознобе его частота увеличивалась.

Работа мозга усиливалась в областях, которые отвечают за систему вознаграждения.

Исследователи подтвердили эффективность ЭЭГ.

Запоминаемость определенных слов может быть связана с частотой, с которой мозг использовал их в качестве семантических связей между воспоминаниями.

Они очень сильно превосходили по «запоминаемости» такие слова, как «cat» (кошка), «street» (улица), «stair» (лестница), «couch» (диван, кушетка), «cloud» (облако).

Сначала исследователи полагали, что люди просто лучше помнят те слова, которые им чаще встречаются.

Поэтому исследователи выдвинули другую гипотезу: что проще и быстрее вспоминаются те слова, которые используются как ассоциативные «мостики» между воспоминаниями.

В подтверждение этой (пока не доказанной) гипотезы приводится тот факт, что указанные слова занимают более «центральное» пол…

Студия перевыпустила первыми мультфильмы «Гирлянда из малышей» и «Сказка о царе Салтане».

В следующие выпуски войдут картины «Тайна третьей планеты», «Щелкунчик», «Снежная королева» и др.

Некоторые ленты «Союзмультфильма» в 2018 году восстановила компания «Яндекс».

О том, как устроен алгоритм, мы расскажем в одной из следующих статей.

Источник: Отреставрированные классические картины «Союзмультфильма» в прокате с 5 декабря

Расстояние Левенштейна – это минимальное число замен, вставок и удалений одного символа, с помощью которых можно превратить одну строку в другую.

Посчитаем расстояние Левенштейна.

Удалим пробел после «с» → вставим пробел после «п» → удалим пробел после «л» → заменим вторую «и» на «е».

Удалим пробел после «с» → вставим пробел после «а» → удалить пробел после «л».

Вы можете попробовать посчитать расстояние Левенштейна для строк «с крипкол иса» и «скрипка леса» и убедиться, что оно будет равно четырем.

Исследователь Ольга Лукинова собрала важные принципы digital-вежливости в книге «Цифровой этикет» и протестировала их с помощью опросов и обратной связи от подписчиков в своем telegram-канале.

Опрос в телеграм-канале Ольги ЛукиновойПо наблюдениям Лукиновой, часть пользователей интернета воспринимает цифровой этикет как ограничение свободы.

Личные границы есть и в киберпространстве.

Этот принцип работает при любой коммуникации в интернете, как, впрочем, и в жизни – относитесь к людям так, как хотите, чтобы они относились к вам.

ИсточникиЛукинова О. Цифровой этикет: как не бесить друг друга в интернете.

Мы решили посмотреть на историю Великой Отечественной через историю призыва и опираться не на единичные источники, а сразу на миллионы свидетельств.

В итоге мы показали, насколько отличался военный призыв в разных регионах Советского Союза, и попытались объяснить это с опорой на исторические факты.

В этом интервью с участниками проекта «Системный Блокъ» мы рассказали, как карантин изменил нашу жизнь и что нового мы узнали о себе на самоизоляции.

Читайте наш материал «Прямо как в Plague Inc. Что объединяет игры и фильмы про эпидемии»Кто такой русский рэпер, и о чем он читает?

О том, как устроен краудсорсинг биологических данных и как в нем поучаствовать, специально для читателей «Системного …

Мечты среди зимыЧтобы лучше почувствовать контекст, нужно ещё вспомнить, что 1974–1980 годы — это так называемая «зима искусственного интеллекта».

Сейчас, сорок пять лет спустя, мы можем оценить, что из казавшегося тогда важным и сложным, было решено, а что так и осталось актуальной задачей разработки искусственного интеллекта.

Инженерам достаточно того, что стихи рифмуются, а музыка похожа на то, что писал в свое время Бах.

Производство смартфонов сосредоточено в странах с дешёвой рабочей силой, а не с дешёвыми роботами.

Но если будет решена, то она может сделать более дешевым и доступным жилье и на Земле, а не в далёком космосе.

О том, какие истории звучат в проекте PostPost.Media и немного об их авторах — в интервью с писательницей Линор Горалик создательницей и главным редактором проекта.

XX век научил нас тому, что мы и есть то, что мы помним, и что нашу память надо оберегать от посторонних влияний, — тем более что всегда есть кто-нибудь, кто готов на нее поохотиться.

«preliterate»), когда все воспоминания были чем-то интимным и не сохранялись, и «письменный» (англ.

Мне не кажется, что, делясь с PostPost.Media своими историями, люди расстаются с ними навсегда, — то есть буквально выбрасывают их из головы.

С третьей стороны, есть наша волюнтаристская свобода, и мы спрашиваем о том, что нам самим интересно и что н…

Нужна система, которая будет следить за тем, как он ее делает, и что при этом происходит, как он принимает решения.

Вот про то, что они не так уж далеки друг от друга и то, что вообще может существовать гибридная какая-то система.

Задача модели — минимизировать свои ошибки в процессе нахождения в среде (например, не умирать в игре и не терять очки).

И вот, допустим, мы вот таких вот дружеских бесед записали 100 тысяч штук, собрали выборку.

И это навсегда останется с человечеством, и может быть, этого будет все больше и больше.

Хорошо метод проявил себя и в исторических исследованиях.

За счет имитационной модели была реконструирована эволюция и динамика Пелопонесских войн, длившихся 27 лет.

В этой статье мы подробно разберем моделирование исторических процессов за счет статистической модели.

Периодизация экономического развитияМетоды MCA применяются и в других задачах анализа динамики процессов экономического развития в различных странах от средневековья до нашего времени.

Объединение в блоки самих законодательных предложений показало, что в одном блоке группировались схожие по структуре голосований законопроекты.

Искусство, Литература, АнтропологияИстория волшебного помощникаКто такой волшебный помощник и как опознать его в сказках?

Мы зна­ем, что в обычной жизни яблоня и волк не разговаривают, но не удив­ляемся тому, что в мире сказки они оказываются говорящими.

Героя и его помощника связывают креп­кие отношения дарообмена по принципу «я тебе дар, ты мне отдарок».

Ровно в эти годы Джеймс Барри сочиняет истории про мальчика, который так никогда и не стал взрослым, и в 1911 году выходит сказка «Питер Пэн».

Поэтому неологизм Чапека одновременно указывает и на то, что эти механические существа постоянно работают, и на то, что они по сути своей рабы.

Зимние праздники — время так называемого рождественского книжного потопа: абсолютное большинство людей покупают книги — как в подарок, так и себе.

Кроме того, многие исландцы читают и на других скандинавских языках, и на английском.

На острове и правда очень переменчивая и не всегда приятная погода.

другие слова других культур 11 бретонских слов Задняя голова, красные шапки, блины и другие важные вещи 11 финских слов Лисьи огоньки, сауна, конфеты из лакрицы и отдых по-фински 11 бурятских слов «Нютаг», «ахай», «болтогой» и другие важные понятия6.

Этим он похож на русский и не похож на соседние германские языки., и немно­го в другом значении — нечто вроде «меня тянет на пиво».

История, ЛитератураЧтение на 15 минут: «Поэзия в мертвой петле»Осипу Мандельштаму — 130 лет.

2011..Как и в других стихотворениях этой поры, Мандельштам своей рукой набра­сывал только черновик, а затем диктовал первоначальный костяк будущего стихотворения жене.

считал, что записанный Рудаковым Сергей Борисович Рудаков (1909–1944) — поэт, литературовед, друг Мандельштама, с которым он познакомился в годы ссылки в Воронеже.

автора.. Действие в этом наброске происходит в междугороднем телефонном пункте в Воронеже на улице 27 февраля (куда Мандельштам часто приходил для разговоров с женой, когда она отлучалась в Москву).

Оно заслуживает внимания в качестве самостоятельного произведения, и в буду…

Литература10 цитат из писем Марселя ПрустаО связи декольте и чемоданов, карьере брокера, истине в мире чувств и попытках вырваться из-под опеки матери.

Из письма Роберу Дрейфусу Робер Дрейфус (1873–1939) — соученик по лицею и друг Пруста, впоследствии известный историк и автор воспоминаний о писателе.

Поскольку, как он писал в одном из писем упомянутому выше Даниэлю Алеви, ему были известны случаи, когда его друзья «однажды развлекались с другом… в начале юности.

Это сравнение было мне досадно, и я ответил ему, что он всегда старается выбрать красивую роль… на что он возразил: „С чего вы взяли, что я выбираю красивую роль?

Чем больше Пруст погружался в творчество, тем больше в его письмах ж…

Искусство, ИсторияСцена в душе и спагетти-вестерны, Джармуш и Кассаветис, «Леди из Шанхая» и «Небо над Берлином»: по просьбе Arzamas кинокритик Станислав Зельвенский выбрал более 200 самых важных фильмов, имен и явлений в истории кино от Второй мировой до наших днейтаблицы-шпаргалки для тех, кто хочет разбираться в теме, или готовится к экзаменуВесь XIX век в одной таблице От Наполеона до возрождения Олимпийских игр: главные события, герои и идеи в синхронной таблице по историиФилософия Просвещения в одной таблице Главные идеи и герои европейского, американского и русского ПросвещенияXX век: все главные стили живописи в одной таблице Раскладываем все по полочкам: от фовизма до концептуализм…

ИскусствоКак сочинять песни для Петра I: лекция-концертПроект Novoselie и Arzamas записали праздничный видеоконцерт, в котором музыканты поют и играют петровское барокко, а художественный руководитель проекта Руст Позюмский рассказывает, что это вообще за музыка и почему он взялся сочинять ее самПродюсеры Юлия Богатко, Сергей ТищенкоВ лекции-концерте звучат:02:18 «Буря» (неизвестный автор XVIII века)07:07 «На горах Валдайских» (неизвестный автор XVIII века)14:18 «Ну что сказать на это» (слова и музыка Руста Позюмского)18:47 «Unprelude» (композитор Руст Позюмский)23:02 «Березка» (слова и музыка Руста Позюмского)29:27 «Другою стала» (слова и музыка Руста Позюмского)32:29 «Славен мир» (слова и…

Это не совсем детская книга — в ней, как в «Маленьком принце», много одино­чества, пронзительности, даже какой-то боли.

8 причин запрета романа «Жизнь и судьба» Что возмущало критиков романа и на что рассчитывал сам ГроссманВарлам Шаламов.

Люди выходят потрясенные, и это правильно, потому что это необходимо помнить.

Не понимаю, правда, как это сделать, потому что сейчас это не то чтобы не модно, но как-то не будет понято, мне кажется.

И, конечно, хотел сыграть и Пьера, и Андрея, и Наташу Ростову, и Наполеона.

7Дату извержения Везувия существенно скорректировали из-за одной надписи на стенеДолгое время считалось, что извержение произошло 24 августа 79 года.

Это объясняется тем, что в Средние века и ранее оба символа часто служили просто декоративными элементами, а свои нынешние значения приобрели только в XIX–XX веках.

И он расскажет, как там наш Пио».

Чтобы пошлину не взяли, нужно было предоставить справку, что имущество предназначено для личного использования, а не для продажи.

35День святого Патрика начали широко отмечать не в Ирландии, а в АмерикеИрландцы, эмигрировавшие в Соединенные Штаты, придумали этот праздник, чтобы собираться вместе и не забывать о своем происхождении.

Но дело не в упрямстве, а в том, что у бретон­цев есть идея правильного, чаще всего общепринятого образа действия, кото­рому в принципе не нужна альтернатива.

В Бретани менгиров особенно много: в одном только местечке Карнак их без малого три тысячи.

И это ужасно обидно: у валлийцев, ближайших родственников бретонцев, сохранилось слово bardd, как и память о бардах прошлого, знаменитых Талиесине и Анейрине.

Неудиви­тельно, что, в отличие от множества других неологизмов, оно прижи­лось в языке и отлично себя чувствует, равно как и современная бретонская поэзия.

Lakaat e voned ruzНадеть красную шапку, то есть сильно рассердитьсяПротестующие в красных шапочках, символе протеста в Бретани, на ба…

ЛитератураЧтение на 15 минут: «Глазами ящерицы»Имя Михаила Айзенберга — одно из самых важных в современной поэзии.

Arzamas публикует первую главуСнимок, не попавший в проявитель,сделанный рассеянным прохожим;мы не знаем, что там, мы не видим,дальнюю границу не тревожим.

Ящерица, та, что на припеке,поднимает мизерное веко.

Вижу, как входит человек и говорит: снимок не удалось проявить, что на нем, мы не можем знать.

Это я не знаю, кто я. И это я ничего не знаю о мире.

Продолжение в том же духе: «На Черницини оулици на Илинархи и на єго брати на Ивани на Ивлелихъ дитехъ три рубли.

Финал грамоты: «На Пугвици на єи дѣтехъ полтина да коробьꙗ ржи, на Ѻсташки на єго дѣтехъ полтина, … (На -----)к‐ (на М)а[кс]имкови б[ра](т)и полторы гривны кунъ, на сест (р)и на м[о]є[и] на Ѻвдотьи полтина.

В древности и детям (например, знаме­нитому Онфиму) давали детали от испортившихся берестяных лукошек — порисовать и поучиться грамоте, а в детских играх исписанную и ненужную бересту могли использовать.

И параллели к этому тоже находятся, пусть и не на бересте.

А в среду две свиньи, два хребта, да три зайца и тетеревов и колбасу, да два коня, причем здоровых».

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Обложка: Бродский на вилле Адриана в Тиволи под Римом.

1983 год © Annelisa Alleva

История, Искусство, АнтропологияМагия, балы и гудки паровозов: как Павловский вокзал изменил историю российской музыкиМожет ли провинциальный вокзал стать важным культурным центром, в который будут стремиться не только местные жители, но и вся столица?

Как и Герман, Штраус разделял музыку для танцев и музыку для слушания.

Что, если бы московские цыгане полюбопытствовали прокатиться по железной дороге и испы­тать счастье в нашей столице и в этом воксале?

„Модным днем в Павловске стал четверг“… Не быть в Павловске в четверг, по мне, что быть в Риме и не видеть папы.

Cвистки паровозов и царство Чайковского: поздний Павловск Мандельштама и конец эпохи«В середине девяностых годов в Павловск, как…

Это и «Повесть временных лет» — один из древнейших русских летописных сводов, сохранившийся в виде комплексного текста, дошедшего в нескольких списках, и летописание Новгорода.

Взаимодействие Новгорода с норвеж­цами уже ближе к интересующему нас сюжету, хотя и не впрямую: и Новгороду, и Норвегии были нужны ресурсы Севера, и по этому поводу между ними происходили какие-то столкновения, которые фиксировала летопись.

Югра на страницах «Повести времен­ных лет» появляется и в начальной части, в списке народов: «Югра… есть языкъ нѣмъ и сѣдятъ с Самоядью на полунощнихъ странахъ», то есть на Севере.

Рассказ об этом походе мы встречаем и в старшем, и в младшем варианте, но они будут немного различат…

Perhaps they felt that it lent them a sense of individuality in a student body that was 90% Bengali.

I took the opposite view and held my ability to speak Bengali close like an amulet, a secret cipher that unlocked another world.

When my father died in 2007, my mother became the only person with whom I ever spoke it.

When speaking with my mother, I used words I knew she would understand such as “bread” or “hospital”, but increasingly I was reaching for phrases I knew would confuse her, “publish”, “postage” or “argument”.

In this strange and isolating year, language gave me more than knowledge of myself, it gave me an understanding of my mother.

My friend and colleague Roy Wisbey, one of the leading figures in British German studies, has died aged 91.

It is all the more remarkable that Roy recognised the medium’s potential and made Cambridge a world leader in digital humanities.

Equally important was his transformation of the Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) into a financially well-endowed and high-powered force with national reach.

Roy taught 16th- and 20th-century German literature at Durham and medieval German literature at Cambridge, before being appointed head of the department of German at King’s College London (1971-94).

His services to German studies were recognised by awards from the Federal German Republic in…

The second lockdown will be different, she has promised herself.

Drawing, DIY, second languages … the creativity generated by the second lockdown covers multiple bases.

We knew this second lockdown was coming, so I had time to plan it, learning from the first one.

It’s reawakened something childlike in me that I haven’t felt in years.”The second lockdown is a chance for others to build on what they created during the first lockdown.

“We expect a second increase in domain registrations of creative businesses run by individuals, specifically those targeted at customers’ hobbies, during a second lockdown,” he added.

The bilingual program has won Footscray primary school accolades and, according to supporters, has helped social cohesion, language and culture thrive in a part of Melbourne synonymous with waves of Vietnamese migration to Australia.

Citing a shortage of Vietnamese teachers and a desire to adopt a Latin-based language that is easier for students, the school has decided that the bilingual program will soon switch to Italian.

Supporters say Footscray’s Vietnamese program is the only one of its kind in Australia.

This time, a report was commissioned from researchers at the University of Melbourne and it recommended the Vietnamese bilingual program be discontinued.

“Some of the Vietnamese paren…

As the long-term editor of an English dictionary, I have arrived at the trouble with pedants: they cry foul too often.

Maybe a language community that is always looking for patterns, lines “irregardless” up with “irrespective” and finds that convincing.

So pedants need to be more conscious of their place in the language community.

That is to say, they are not necessarily at the centre of language change, and they cannot claim the right to be the sole arbiter of what is good and bad.

• Susan Butler AO was the founding editor of the Macquarie Dictionary, Australia’s national dictionary, editing it from 1981 until 2017.

The dictionary she has edited is undoubtedly great – the New Shorter Oxford Dictionary; all 3,800 pages of it in two large volumes.

It is called the New Shorter only because it is based, though not entirely, on the 21-volume Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which at £1,650 is beyond most people’s means.

She read English at Edinburgh, and then went to Oxford to do a thesis on early Middle English lives of saints.

Does she feel herself to be in a line of Oxford dictionary makers?

She is also glad to be the first survivor of a great Oxford dictionary.

Poor John Crace, not able to use rat runs get to get his garden rubbish to the tip (Digested week, 28 August).

Paul WinnackWandsworth, London• 10 of the Best Meals in Movies in the weekend guide (28 August) and no mention of Babette’s Feast?

This superb 1987 Danish film must surely rank as one of the 10 best, if not the very best.

I look forward to reading Wikipedia in Pictish (Shock an aw: US teenager wrote huge slice of Scots Wikipedia, 26 August).

Can someone explain to me what a Lee Twatwater is (Marina Hyde, 28 August)?

Merriam-Webster has weighed in on the debate over the word “irregardless”, confirming that it is a proper, dictionary-verified word.

Caitlin Curran, production editor“Is irregardless even a word?” is a question many have asked and yet somehow there is still disagreement.

But clearly anyone who uses the word irregardless is an idiot.

Poppy Noor, features writerIrregardless of what Merriam-Webster says, I am wondering, what could the word irregardless possibly convey that the word regardless does not?

Having said all of that, I just can’t abide the word irregardless, I’m sorry.

Kate Forbes, the Scottish finance secretary, and Alasdair Allan, a former minister, said Gaelic had to be given precedence or parity in all areas of public life and the economy across Gaelic areas of the Highlands and islands.

These are mainly elderly Gaels living in the Western Isles.

Allan, the MSP for the Western Isles, said greater effort was needed by Gaelic speakers to reverse decades of subtle or overt pressure to prioritise English in their daily lives, including within Gaelic-speaking families.

Gaelic revival campaigners said Western Isles council had become much more active in protecting the language.

However, its Gaelic committee, formed in February to lead on that work, had not …

The government’s plan to reform England’s university admissions system is yet another example of providing window-dressing rather than changes that will have effective outcomes (Ministers may move university applications to after A-level results, 26 June).

If this plan had serious intentions, it would also insist that the only academic qualifications acceptable as university entrance qualifications were A-levels, the exams described by Ofqual as “national qualifications based on content set by the government”.

More lightly regulated exams such as Cambridge Assessment’s Pre-U have a higher proportion of A*/A grades than A-levels, and are mostly set and marked by private-sector teachers.

Bern…

The books contain questions which German troops would be likely to put to English citizens if they succeeded in achieving their desire to overrun the country.

Throughout there is a warning that if you fail to tell their soldiers the truth you will be shot.

Some of the questions in the phrase-book are apparently designed for use in cross-examining civic leaders.

A whole section is devoted to questions which are intended to enable the German troops to find their way about the country.

The booklet is similar to those which Germany has produced in the Czech, Polish, and Russian languages.

Alhallak teaches Arabic for NaTakallam, a language service that offers people the chance to learn Arabic, Spanish, Persian and French.

What is unique is that all languages are taught by refugees.

The service also circumvents restrictions on work for refugees and asylum seekers in their new countries of residence, which means they can earn money.

“Refugees need access to an income, but with no work permit they’re often stuck in limbo.

Through their classes, Alhallak and Waugh, who briefly met in Beirut before he left for Italy, have become friends.

“Students will not pick up a natural fluency staying in the UK – the most anti-learning-a-language country there is,” he says.

“A lot of us chose to study a language because of the year abroad.”Forget freshers' week: universities prepare to teach new first years online Read moreThe third year spent overseas doing courses or working is famously the time when language students become fluent.

He spent the beginning of the year bringing back around 200 students from abroad, some from areas such as China and northern Italy.

Partner universities abroad are offering online courses, and some work placements are going ahead online, where employees may be working from home.

The university has also ca…

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The gulf between our solitary thoughts and the words that would convey them to others constantly confronts us all.

And Nietzsche’s writings are filled with laments about the inadequacy of language to render his most cherished ideas entirely in words.

The cases in which we use language to construct thoughts might be immune to the paradox of articulation, since they don’t involve discovery of what we were thinking.

Though obviously unsatisfactory as a response to the original problem it was intended to solve, this solution provides a clue to the paradox of articulation.

Whether or not one accepts this solution, the paradox gives us a tool to investigate the process of articulation in a system…

I’m suffering through the heat on the trail of a metaphor, searching for a link in the global gold supply chain.

This journey is almost invariably described as a ‘supply chain’ – a metaphor that’s become so successful that we often forget it’s there.

But when he pitched I2M to his clients, he noticed how their ‘eyes glazed over’ until he hit upon the more vivid image of a ‘chain of supply’ or ‘supply chain’.

The success of the supply chain metaphor is now holding us back, limiting our capacity to solve the problems plaguing the global economic system.

Here the supply chain metaphor does more than just explanatory work – it also shapes our moral response to such tragedies.

Today, Arabic and Hebrew texts contain the same punctuation marks as those of Western languages, although writers rarely use the full range.

In 1900, Aḥmad Zakī wrote the first Arabic novel with Western punctuation marks, facilitated by a glossary and foreword, praising their usefulness in the preservation of Arabic.

The exclamation and the question mark joined their ranks, attesting to a need for emotional emphasis and clarification of intonation.

The semicolon wasn’t the only punctuation mark making history: in 1905, Moscow printers demanded to be paid for setting not only letters but also punctuation marks, which required the same action and the same amount of time as the alphabet.

A mir…

This is one of the first prototypes of brain-to-brain interfaces in humans.

The real challenge for brain-to-brain interfaces is not to achieve some interlinking of brains.

But isn’t asking for clarification exactly the kind of annoyance that brain-to-brain interfaces could help us get rid of?

It is likely, then, that there will be some language-like system for communication and coordination even in the substrate of brain-to-brain interfaces.

In seeking to bypass language, current conceptions of brain-to-brain interfaces seem to be on their way to replicating the fate of the Belcerebon people.

Over this long and colourful history, one idea has proven particularly resilient: the notion that language began as gesture.

In the 20th century, scholars held on to these intuitive arguments for gestural theories, while also introducing new sources of evidence.

Another couple carried out a similar home-rearing experiment with a different chimpanzee, Washoe, but used manual signs borrowed from American Sign Language instead of English words.

It’s that, compared with the mouth, the hands seem to be better soil for the seeds of language.

She reasons that if language had first built a home in the hands, it would have had no compelling reason to leave.

Gibberish – language that cannot be understood – is not quite the same as nonsense.

Gibberish, on the other hand, makes indecipherable words out of the sounds and letters of language.

Yet while they evade familiar spellings, they lean on our intuitive knowledge of how the English language works.

The language of Utopia is an esoteric gibberish, but there are more everyday examples of unintelligible language.

Babies chatter gibberish to us, and we talk back to them as if they had said something utterly astoundingIn the following centuries, English gibberish grows relatively dormant.

A young woman, whose name was Breonna Taylor, was killed, as an early local news report described, “inside a home […] in the middle of an officer-involved shooting.

Many have pointed out how unbalanced and troubling this kind of manipulative indirect language can be.

In the phrase “officer-involved shooting,” language itself aggressively suppresses law enforcement’s own aggressive actions.

And likewise, in the phrase “officer-involved shooting,” language itself aggressively suppresses the police force’s own aggressive actions.

This was 53 percent higher than what people thought he should be fined when the reports used more indirect language.

Why is it that some of them can never accept that Taylor Swift might have something worthy to say?

Taylor Swift isn’t alone in being accused of faking an accent.

“Music can not be true or false, it can only refer to conventions of truth or falsity.”This is a complicating factor particularly when it comes to country music.

The worth of wordsIn “The Last Great American Dynasty,” Swift pens the story of someone she never knew: the eccentric, wealthy Rebekah Harkness of Rhode Island.

As Swift inserts herself into the narrative’s end, it transpires that Harkness owned the house that Swift later bought.

The remarkable thing about internet memes is that without constant mutation through wordplay, they become, ahem, meme-ingless.

Somehow, through allusion, the meme can convey far more complex emotional information than its simple linguistic structure might suggest.

Internet memes are popularly image macros—often originating from weird or amusing snippets of pop culture, with accompanying humorous text or catchphrases riffing on the theme of the meme.

The original source meme has to have had something notable about it for it to have become popular in the first place.

As variations on the meme become more popular, the relevant phrasal structure is used and reused, without the images.

Countries can take many steps that could act as apologies for historical wrongs—so is an official apology ever needed?

Before Obama, Bill Clinton reportedly did not offer an official apology due to the objections of the white majority.

This can be even more involved when it comes to official apologies, which can have a ceremonial aspect of performance to convey the gravity of the matter.

Perhaps the spectrum over which apologies range, from inconsequential politeness to deep remorse expressed formally, drives some members of the public to distrust official apologies as insincere or unnecessary, while others demand them to redress wrongs.

Apologies that look and sound and speak clearly like …

So how does a phrase that doesn’t actually mean what it says still manage to be so usefully informative?

Arbiters of linguistic style often assume that idioms are a kind of “exhausted speech” that once meant something but has become a set of lazy linguistic shortcuts to predigested ideas.

With language full of idioms, should well-worn expressions like “kick the bucket” kick the bucket in favor of more direct ways of speaking?

On the other hand, older idioms, such as getting “the short end of the stick,” are even more frozen in place.

We might wonder what all the fuss is about a stick, much less the short (or shitty) end of it.

Why are these children’s rhymes so much dark nonsense, and what could it all mean?

In a kid’s world, cooties and other similar contagions may not be real—but they’re deadly serious.

Though it may have a real impact on children’s social distancing, it’s hard to pin down what cooties is exactly, because conceptually, it needs to be many things.

But it’s true that many nursery rhymes are often so dark, so strange, so…nonsensical.

It’s hard to believe the cooties and nursery rhymes of your childhood can reveal so much about the world.

They stripped me down, I was half frozenwaistcoat, boatswain, gunwale, victualsGot fifteen lashes from a surly boatswainforecastle, blackguard, topgallant sail, hey!

I’m a man of letters, jots and tittles,waistcoat, boatswain, gunwale, victualsBut I nearly died from the lack of victualsforecastle, blackguard, topgallant sail, hey!

You think it’s funny; I tell you, jokes’llwaistcoat, boatswain, gunwale, victualsFall damn flat lashed down to the forecastleforecastle, blackguard, topgallant sail, hey!

Taking to sea in search of yarns’llwaistcoat, boatswain, gunwale, victualsEnd with you hanging up by the topgallant sailforecastle, blackguard, topgallant sail, hey!

Oh, I have faced the worstest…

Are ellipsis and ellipse related?

Remember: ellipsis is the opposite of hyperbole, at least in geometry but also in many other ways.)

Ellipsis in words is not quite so geometric, however, and trying to tie the function of the three dots to conic sections might lead to circular reasoning.

But it wouldn’t be worth a poem otherwise:Ellipsis that shall never touch“Dot, Dot, Dot,” I asked my belle,“will you stay and love me well?”“Darling,” she said, “I’ll .

Although the words of truth were there,her ellipsis spoke unfair;not, less, not, less, had been estrangedand by mean dot, dot, dot exchanged.

We may at first think of being thick-skinned as something that does not go together with cleverness.

When someone’s really cracking wise or showing ingenuity, we say they’re on fire, and how can you be on fire if you’re all callused?

This is why this word, callid, which means ‘crafty’ or ‘cunning’ (when it’s used at all, which is seldom anymore), does not trace to Latin calidus, ‘warm, hot, on fire’.

We don’t think of a “callous” person as crafty or cunning, of course; we think of them as uncaring.

Wisdom means experience, means some amount of learned durability.

Consider katexic.

katexic” means, approximately, “looking like shit.” All that remains to be determined is the specific lexicosemantic scatology.

But if we look up katexic, we do not find it.

(I can also picture an editor putting a note on it: “Is this the right word?

If vermin and varmint, victuals and vittles, person and parson, can all be the same word cloven in two by reconstrual, so can cachexic and katexic.

When I was young, I thought thou was a term of the greatest respect, so formal and lofty it was reserved only for God (and thus should be Thou).

Many people get through their entire lives never learning the truth about thou.

(Modern-day Quakers – of whom I know a few – are still focused on being humble and down-to-earth, but they use you; thou has become ostentatious.)

So how did God come to be thou?

After all, it’s 2021, and the 20th letter is tand the 21st letter is u, so 2021 is the year of tu, which means also du and thou and the rest.

Or maybe you’re already an editor, but you’re in-house and want to try freelance, or vice versa?

Let me tell you how to live a day in the life of an editor, in-house versus freelance.

It gets busy and it can be unpleasant, but at the end of the day, it’s the end of the day and you’re done.

As a freelancer, you are always your own master, and there is seldom a hard boundary between work life and home life.

It wasn’t part of my day job, so I didn’t think of it as work work.

Occasionally a friend or family member will be talking with someone who wants to publish their writing and the friend or family member suggests they ask me for advice.

I’ve just sent off an email to one such person, and I think other people might also benefit from the advice (modified a bit to be more general).

If you feel that your article needs editing before submitting, one thing to bear in mind is that you may have friends who will happily give you advice and tell you things you need to do to it and so on, but unless they have reasonable experience in publishing, their advice may not actually be good advice.

(Also, many of the “grammatical errors” that many people pick on aren’t errors,…

If any culture is going to have a word for Korrekturlust, we just assume it will be German.

Korrekturlust.

So Korrekturlust means ‘desire to correct’ (and that can imply a very compelling desire) but it can also mean ‘enjoyment of correcting’.

The author comments,Damit hatte der Kumpel alle grammatikalischen, orthografischen und sonstigen Spatzen gefangen, die Korrekturlust eines Pedanten besänftigt, den überzeugt und Frieden übers Stammtischleben gebracht.

Es geht nicht um Korrektheit…That means “Korrekturlust: We don’t have to correct every mistake and thereby show how smart we are.

a tessera word.

What do I mean by tessera word?

Well, a tessera word is like that.

And a tessera word is one that is known by an in-group, and knowledge of it allows you to function as part of that in-group.

(Now let’s have a chat, can we, Chicago, about place of publication in citations…)Of course, if we discard ibid., we’re left with a tessera word we can’t use anymore.

On November 18, 2020, a monolith was discovered in a canyon in northern Utah.

Yes, I know what the dictionary definition of monolith is, and I know the etymology too.

The word monolith was confected in the early-mid 1800s as both an adjective and a noun to describe or name something made of a single stone.

It may seem like a monolith of sound, shifting and waving but wordless, atonal, without rhythm.

You may feel, accurately, that the word monolith has gone the way of toilet… but it hasn’t gone in the toilet, and you needn’t bother trying to toss it there.

This is not absolutely true all the way, but look: breve, semibreve, minim, crotchet, quaver, semiquaver, demisemiquaver, hemidemisemiquaver.

So half a semibreve, what North Americans call a half note, got the name minim, because it was minimal.

They start, finally, tossing on words indicating division: semiquaver, using the Latin for ‘half’; demisemiquaver, adding the French for ‘half’; and then, with the corresponding Greek prefix, hemidemisemiquaver.

If each syllable of hemidemisemiquaver were a hemidemisemiquaver, the whole word would equal a quaver.

(How quickly can you say hemidemisemiquaver eight times?)

Step by small step, breathing the cold from the root cellar, until it reaches the top, by the lawn, and stands.

It stands at the top for one long day; it stands at the bottom for one long night.

Solstice comes from Latin, from solstitium, from sol as in ‘sun’ and an inflected form of sisto ‘I stand’.

The cat will climb step by step and glance at you as it goes.

Here is a lovely song about the winter solstice, if you would like.

“Glad tidings we bring… to you and your thing!…”Somehow halfway through that line everyone else had suddenly begun to sing much more quietly and my voice was rather… salient.

Tidings is one of the classic Christmas words, right up there with hark.

both conjugations are used in literature) tidings?

And yes, that tide is tied to this tidings.

So when an advent for the ages is reported, of course it’s tidings.

Well, ’tis the season (sorry) for hendiadys.

Ah, yes: hendiadys.

But at the very least one could argue that they may be hendiadys.

And why does this word look so weird, and how is it supposed to be said?

Well, this time of the year, this kind of thing is my jam, even unironically.

As the tipping point is not the vase’s natural state, we assume something has caused the unbalance e.g.

We also realise that there will be consequences when this tipping point is reached, and we expect these will be negative.

It was most often applied to an individual, reaching a personal tipping point and joining a wider group or process in society.

From this study they tracked the changing use and meanings of tipping point in both the media and science.

This suggests that the tipping point metaphor in the media had become more flexible, again incorporating the conventional expression of a drastic change.

In the fifth chapter of her pop linguistics book Because Internet, Gretchen McCulloch explores how emoji became popular as a way of replicating gestures in online communication.

However, many popular emoji use hand and facial gestures, which, McCulloch says, inspired her to begin treating them as gesture.

These gestures don’t have specific names but can be described.

The example McCulloch uses is the range of emojis possible in a ‘Happy Birthday’ message, perhaps a combination of the following 🎂🍰🎁🎊🎉🎈🥳.

We can even repeat emoji which don’t have a literal gesture attached, because, as a whole, emoji can be repeated.

Why is it so much scarier to receive a text saying “ok.” than “ok”?

In online messaging, we tend to use line or message breaks, rather than full stops, to convey the end of an utterance.

One that has is the sarcasm tilde (~), which McCulloch argues derives from the mid-2000s days of MySpace ‘sparkle punctuation’, where users used punctuation marks for aesthetic purposes.

McCulloch calls this lack of punctuation ‘minimalist typography’ and discusses how this is used to convey tone of voice, particularly in the current era of smartphones.

These are just some of the ways in which we reflect our tone in typed speech, from caps lock, to passive aggressive punctuation.

The 16 episodes (and links to the accompanying Mutual Intelligibility post with additional resources):Mutual IntelligibilityLingthusiasm launched Mutual Intelligibility in March 2020 to help connect linguistics instructors to curated linguistics content as teaching rapidly moved online.

Mutual Intelligibility resources were also created to support each of the 16 Crash Course videos.

See more Mutual Intelligibility posts here.

Top Superlinguo posts in 2020It was only a few years ago that these annual blog posts would just list a bunch of things I’ve written on Superlinguo.

The 2020 interviews:Other things around the internetThis is a very incomplete list of miscellaneous internet things.

The Zoom-birthday-party-slash-quiz-show is not terrible, and it is better than nothing—not to mention far better than hosting a Fun Party for Viral Particles in your friends’ respiratory tracts.

But this birthday-board-meeting simply doesn’t feel like a party.

But, internet help me, I was still determined to have an actual virtual party.

Which raises the question: If getting a bunch of people together on a video call doesn’t feel like a party, then what does?

Gather is part of an emerging genre of communication platform that’s halfway between Zoom breakout rooms and chatting during video games.

The Zoom-birthday-party-slash-quiz-show is not terrible, and it is better than nothing—not to mention far better than hosting a Fun Party for Viral Particles in your friends’ respiratory tracts.

But this birthday-board-meeting simply doesn’t feel like a party.

But, internet help me, I was still determined to have an actual virtual party.

Which raises the question: If getting a bunch of people together on a video call doesn’t feel like a party, then what does?

Gather is part of an emerging genre of communication platform that’s halfway between Zoom breakout rooms and chatting during video games.

Mallory Manley is doing the important work of managing data across multiple languages in the field of genealogy.

I appreciate Mallory’s honesty about the challenges of stepping sideways out of linguistics, and sharing that experience with us in this interview.

How does your linguistics training help you in your job?

So even though I don’t use my linguistics training as much as I hoped I would in a career, it has helped me succeed in this role.

Related interviews:Recent interviews:Check out the full Linguist Jobs Interview List and the Linguist Jobs tag for even more interviews

The Zoom-birthday-party-slash-quiz-show is not terrible, and it is better than nothing—not to mention far better than hosting a Fun Party for Viral Particles in your friends’ respiratory tracts.

But this birthday-board-meeting simply doesn’t feel like a party.

But, internet help me, I was still determined to have an actual virtual party.

Which raises the question: If getting a bunch of people together on a video call doesn’t feel like a party, then what does?

Gather is part of an emerging genre of communication platform that’s halfway between Zoom breakout rooms and chatting during video games.

If you enjoy a good puzzle, there is a whole world of linguistics that involves wonderfully elegant logic puzzles, pattern recognition and lateral-thinking.

I still fondly remember encountering morphology puzzles in my first year of university and wondering why I had wasted my time on sudoku.

The Language Lover’s Puzzle Book, by Guardian puzzle columnist Alex Bellos, is a beautifully collection of 100 olympiad-style puzzles, as well as some short quizzes throughout.

I really appreciate the work Alex has done introducing each puzzle, providing some information about the language or the context.

Pulling together such a range of writing systems and puzzle illustrations is no small matter, and …

The Language Lover’s Puzzle Book, by Guardian puzzle columnist Alex Bellos, is a beautifully collection of 100 olympiad-style puzzles, as well as some short quizzes throughout.

I really appreciate the work Alex has done introducing each puzzle, providing some information about the language or the context.

If you’d like to have a look at the inside of the book, Gretchen has shared a few photos with her post about the book on All Things Linguistic.

Pulling together such a range of writing systems and puzzle illustrations is no small matter, and the book is handsomely presented.

[The Language Lover’s Puzzle Book is now available in the UK and Australia, and will be available in North America i…

Gretchen: Oh, it’s a good story, any story with a cat is a good story.

Gretchen: But if I say, “I was walking home last night and I saw the cat…”Lauren: Oh my god, your cat got out and then you saw it!

Gretchen: So maybe that’s my cat, but maybe that’s just, like, The Cat of Doom.

Gretchen: Or, like, “I was walking last night and I saw that cat.”Lauren: Aw, has it been scratching up all of your plants again?

Gretchen: And I don’t even think I want them all to sit in my lap, because I think I’d be crushed.

The Zoom-birthday-party-slash-quiz-show is not terrible, and it is better than nothing—not to mention far better than hosting a Fun Party for Viral Particles in your friends’ respiratory tracts.

But this birthday-board-meeting simply doesn’t feel like a party.

But, internet help me, I was still determined to have an actual virtual party.

Which raises the question: If getting a bunch of people together on a video call doesn’t feel like a party, then what does?

Gather is part of an emerging genre of communication platform that’s halfway between Zoom breakout rooms and chatting during video games.

Because InternetBecause Internet, my book about internet language which hit the NYT bestseller list last year, came out in paperback this year!

Here are some photos of the new paperback edition, same bright yellow cover, now with 10x more nice quotes from people.

Lingthusiasm also sponsored two other projects this year: LingComm Grants and Mutual Intelligibility.

LingComm Grants - We gave out four $500 grants to up-and-coming linguistics communications projects.

Thank you again to everyone who applied, and do check out the projects of the winners of the 2020 LingComm Grants.

Lingthusiasm also sponsored two other projects this year: LingComm Grants and Mutual Intelligibility.

LingComm Grants - We gave out four $500 grants to up-and-coming linguistics communications projects.

Thank you again to everyone who applied, and do check out the projects of the winners of the 2020 LingComm Grants.

Virtual conferences and talks:Media and internet crossoversSelected mediaSelected twitter threadsBooks I enjoyed:Helpful threads:General fun:Selected blog postsI celebrated my eighth blogiversary on All Things Linguistic!

If you’d like to get a much shorter monthly highlights newsletter via email, with all sorts of interesting internet linguistics news, you can sign up for that …

Now it’s Rudolph versus Mars All hail this joyful nightAll hail the night folks singAll hail to RudolphThe legend of ChristmasThe most famous reindeer of allO Come Rudolph, Come O Come Rudolph, Come Ye FaithfulOh come, come holly, clad in white, Oh come ye faithful.

Caw caw caw oh, caw caw caw oh, Caw holly, Caw plum this Christmas.

Oh, caw caw caw, oh caw oh, caw oh oh oh, oh.

Rudolph is The Worst Reindeer Rudolph the red-nosed reindeerWas a stubborn old reindeer.

For a few more carols (including “O Little Rudolph” which involves ghosts and ghouls somehow), enter your email!

Now it’s Rudolph versus Mars All hail this joyful nightAll hail the night folks singAll hail to RudolphThe legend of ChristmasThe most famous reindeer of allO Come Rudolph, Come O Come Rudolph, Come Ye FaithfulOh come, come holly, clad in white, Oh come ye faithful.

Caw caw caw oh, caw caw caw oh, Caw holly, Caw plum this Christmas.

Oh, caw caw caw, oh caw oh, caw oh oh oh, oh.

Rudolph is The Worst Reindeer Rudolph the red-nosed reindeerWas a stubborn old reindeer.

For a few more carols (including “O Little Rudolph” which involves ghosts and ghouls somehow), enter your email!

Now it’s Rudolph versus Mars All hail this joyful nightAll hail the night folks singAll hail to RudolphThe legend of ChristmasThe most famous reindeer of allO Come Rudolph, Come O Come Rudolph, Come Ye FaithfulOh come, come holly, clad in white, Oh come ye faithful.

Caw caw caw oh, caw caw caw oh, Caw holly, Caw plum this Christmas.

Oh, caw caw caw, oh caw oh, caw oh oh oh, oh.

Rudolph is The Worst Reindeer Rudolph the red-nosed reindeerWas a stubborn old reindeer.

For a few more carols (including “O Little Rudolph” which involves ghosts and ghouls somehow), enter your email!

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where bōsī 波斯 is obviously a transcription of "Persia":Borrowed from Old Persian (Pārsa).

More of a surprise to me was the fact that the English word "spinach" seems to mirror the Sinitic in also having a Persian derivation, though not exactly the same one.

From Middle English spinach, from Anglo-Norman spinache, from Old French espinoche, from Old Occitan espinarc, from Arabic إِسْفَانَاخ‎ (ʾisfānāḵ), from Persian اسپناخ‎ (espanâx).

(source)Middle English, from Old French espinache, from Medieval Latin spināchium, from Arabic 'isfānāḫ, from Persian espenāj, espenākh.

According to Cabolov, related to Northern Kurdish siping (“meadow salsify, possibly also spinach”) and Persian سپند‎ (sipand, “w…

Even though the posters are written in Sinographs (Hanzi, Chinese characters), there are many parts that are unintelligible to people who are literate in Mandarin but do not know Shanghainese.

This has been confirmed to me by many non-Shanghainese speakers who can read texts written in Mandarin and even in Classical Chinese / Literary Sinitic.

The last line is especially interesting linguistically, since in Mandarin qiāngdiào 腔调 means "accent; tune; intonation; tone of voice", but in Shanghainese it means "model behavior" and many other things, for which see this 20:21 video.

From numerous Language Log posts, we already know for sure this is not true for Cantonese, Taiwanese, and other Sini…

« previous post |This is all over the Chinese internet:(source)The Chinese translation given is:Zhōngguó xìnshǒu nuòyán中国信守诺言"China keeps its promise"That's the exact opposite of the English original: "China breaks promise"This is so far off and politically motivated that it seems someone, or some group, must have sabotaged Google Translate in this particular case.

Baidu Fanyi correctly renders "China breaks promise" as " Zhōngguó shīxìn le 中国失信了".

Update: Google has already corrected it.

The translation of "China breaks promise" is now correctly rendered as " Zhōngguó wéi nuò 中国违诺".

Selected readings[Thanks to Chau Wu]Permalink

« previous post |From Frank Clements:(source)Can you read it?

Selected readingsPermalink

That is why, aside from Napa cabbage, it is also called Chinese cabbage.

We also have "white bok choy", "rosie bok choy", "red bok choy", "tiny bok choy", and Shanghai bok choy".

What is labelled Bok Choy may come in 2 forms: traditional true bok choy (Chinese: 小白菜; lit.

The texture of Shanghai bok choy is less crisp and gets slimy if overcooked but otherwise can be substituted in many cooking applications when true bok choy is unavailable.

(source)Sometimes when I contemplate the universe of bok choy names and types, I start to feel as though I'm going out of my mind.

I cannot understand why scholars (and others) insist upon talking about Sogdian "Zoroastrianism", even while presenting evidence that usually suggests it was something else.

The term "mazdayasnish zarathushtrish", used as the self-identification in the Pahlavi texts, means literally "[we who] sacrifice to Mazda [in the manner prescribed by] Zarathushtra".

So if a religion doesn't demonstrably consist of performing sacrifices to Mazda by following the liturgical prescriptions of Zarathushtra, then what is the basis for calling that religion Zoroastrianism?

The Sogdian Ashem Vohu prayer discussed at length by Ashurov could indeed seem to provide evidence of the presence of a Zoroastrian rite …

I would never have continued this if I thought Japanese poetry is untranslatable.

Part of the problem is that it leads to discussions like we saw on the blog on September 26—discussions which inevitably started revolving around a bit of a straw man, since no one reasonable has ever said that Chinese poetry is “untranslatable."

And it is a valid thing to ask in English translations in a language like Japanese or Chinese.

Someone who has not learned to read and write Chinese will not be able to access the same kinetic experience of the art form.

I just looked at and fell in love with a new translation of academic Matthew Stavros, who chose to render Chomei’s prose into poetry.

Pashto zōṛ and Ossetian zœrond, "old"; Middle Persian zāl, "old"):"with angry/furious camels": from Avestan *zarant- , "angry, furious".

"who is driving camels" or "who is fostering/cherishing camels": related to Avestan zarš- , "to drag".

Notwithstanding the phonetic irregularity, that Avestan zaraϑuštra with its -ϑ- was linguistically an actual form is shown by later attestations reflecting the same basis.

In Middle Persian, the name is Zardu(x)št, in Parthian Zarhušt, in Manichaean Middle Persian Zrdrwšt, in Early New Persian Zardušt, and in modern (New Persian), the name is زرتشت Zartosht.

As for Sinitic luòtuó 駱駝 < Middle Sinitic: /lɑk̚ dɑ/ < Old Sinitic /*ɡ·raːɡ l'aːl/, I do have a hun…

« previous post |The whole world knows about BLM (Black Lives Matter).

I suppose, in the expression "Black Lives Matter" it means something like "are of consequence / importance".

Yet, if we reworded the slogan as "Black Lives Are of Consequence / Importance" or "Black Lives Are Important / Consequential", it would lose its impact, its zing.

Pondering all of these aspects of the movement's name, I often wondered how "matter" could be felicitously rendered in Chinese.

How do the Japanese handle the problem of the translation of "Black Lives Matter" in their language?

——————–conclusion of Chau Wu's guest post———————*Since no Old Persian or other Old Iranian form is attested, we have no choice but to give the Greek form (in Roman transliteration).

Here's a brief data-dump, for what it's worth:1) Celtic kings had to have intercourse with a white mare at some point.

Celtic king with white mare, and Cretan queen with bull — and note that Europa was hijacked to Crete by a white bull).

mareFrom Middle English mare, mere, from Old English mīere (“female horse, mare”), from Proto-Germanic *marhijō (“female horse”) (compare Scots mere, meir, mear (“mare”), North Frisian mar (“mare, horse”), West Frisian merje (“mare”), Dutch merrie (“mare”), Danish mær (“mare”), …

« previous post |Today's SMBC:The mouseover title: "Also, when making a word possessive, I only add an apostrophe, never an s."The aftercomic:Permalink

In my review of 'The Passivator" (4/6/2004), I noted that "though The Passivator is billed as a 'passive verb and adverb flagger', it just flags certain strings of characters — final "-ly" for alleged adverbs, forms of 'to be' for alleged passives".

The "Passive Voice Detector" at datalyze.com uses a slightly less silly version of the same dumb algorithm — it flags forms of to be immediately followed by words ending in -ed.

Of course I'm not suggesting that someone should build a passive-detector that actually works, because the whole idea is predicated on the widely-held false belief that use of the passive voice is bad, combined with even more widespread confusion about what the passive v…

« previous post |This is a passage from chapter 3 of Dan Brown's Digital Fortress (1998)Eventually one of them [VHM: NSA cryptographers] explained what Becker had already surmised.

For two hours, Becker interpreted an endless stream of Mandarin symbols.

He explained that Kanji was a Japanese writing system based on modified Chinese characters.

Referring to Chinese characters as "symbols" right away gives one cause for grave reservation.

————There is probably no subject on earth concerning which more misinformation is purveyed and more misunderstandings circulated than Chinese characters (漢字, Chinese hanzi, Japanese kanji, Korean hanja) or sinograms.

« previous post |From today's SMBC:The whole thing:The mouseover title: "100 is really just a starting point.

We may need to go as low as 1 before we see results."

The AfterComic:In economics, the "Laffer Curve" claims to show that reducing tax rates increases (or rather, can increase) total tax revenue.

This comic presents a similar argument that reducing the size of communication networks increases total happiness.

There's an echo here of Robin Dunbar's argument about natural human group sizes, in his 1996 book Grooming, Gossip, and the Origin of Language.

I have thoroughly read most of your forum posts and I totally share your opinions on language learning, especially as expressed in this post.

Frequently mix up Chinese characters that look the same, for example 人 (ren2) and 入 (ru4) when reading.

For example, the Chinese characters 话 (talk) and 画 (draw) sound the same but have different meanings.

Display a poor stroke sequence when writing Chinese characters.

I believe that the pedagogical priorities of Chinese language teaching and learning need to be reordered.

I would then be alive, harmonious, and happy…”; from his book on Georgia: “Time exists independently, we exist independently.

Time is not understood…”) A little of that goes a long way, and I’d had a lot of it.

What a relief it was to open Makanin and see (my translation):Svetik laughs again:“So do you think we should try doing a little trading together?”“Together?”“Sure.”“Wow.

Everybody wants detective stories — American if possible, but homegrown is OK, anything is better than the official crap that’s readily available.

What I ultimately loved about it, and what makes me want to read more Makanin, is its sense of the contingency of life.

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

[…]In the Cape, it gave a huge boost to a nascent cultural and political movement led by Boer intellectuals calling themselves Afrikaners.

It was the language used between masters and servants and amongst the poorer sections of the Boer community.

What Du Toit and his colleagues feared and resented most was the growing cultural domination of the British colonial regime, aided and abetted by Boers themselves.

Du Toit argued that a mother tongue was a person’s most precious possession: ‘The language of a nation expresses the character of that nation.

To spell out this message, in 1876 Du Toit launched Di Afrikaanse Patriot, the first newspaper to use an early form of Afrikaans.

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

In your opinion (and I’m specially interested in those who were educated in Mongolia), what are the three most important works of Russian literature that you need to know in order to understand Mongolian literature?

In other words, which three works of Russian literature most influenced Mongolian literature?

2) Based on the great responses to my earlier post about Russian literature [here: https://www.facebook.com/groups/mongolianstudies/permalink/2646748208950447/], I confirmed what I’d suspected, that while both English-speaking and Mongolian-speaking readers and authors read a lot of Russian literature, they read rather different literature.

Mongolian- and English-speaking readers both r…

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

The writing did not feel like translationese to me at all.

But the sensual nature of his first few books was gradually replaced by an intellectually elaborated style, one that also has been described by critics as translationese.

So while Murakami’s translationese makes him clearer and more natural, Oe’s translationese makes him more difficult and more artificial.

However, according to Karatani, Oe’s clearer and more natural early work was already translationese, too.

Is it surprising that reading foreign literature in the original played a crucial role in their literary development?

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

byAs I said here, I got Arkady Martine’s A Memory Called Empire for Christmas, and I have now finished reading it.

Since most of what I have to say will be negative, I should start by mentioning what’s good about it.

And that Hugo is evidence that genre fans don’t demand much from their fiction beyond genre satisfactions.

At one point she writes: “There were a lot of kinds of birds in Teixcalaanli, and one word for ‘bird’ in Stationer.

There’d been more once.” This is all tremendous fun, and it provided me with some enjoyment as I suffered.

We know this because they write *mitigate against.

Usually the writer means militate against, but not necessarily.

It’s up to writers and editors to know the difference and militate against the error.

Are you incentivized to use this word?

plays devil’s advocate for a much-maligned word, reviewing the usage commentary on it and showing why it’s likely to stick around:

Last month I mentioned my new essay on Irish English dialect, ‘Wasn’t It Herself Told Me?’, commissioned for the winter 2020 edition of the literary magazine The Stinging Fly.

Because the new Stinging Fly is a Galway special, the essay looks in particular at the Galway dialect, though this does not differ hugely from Irish English more broadly.

Similarly there is merit to the idea of Irish English as a dialect.

From the early 17th century ‘many Irish speakers began to communicate with English speakers by grafting English words and structures onto the stem of their Celtic language’, Loreto Todd writes in Green English.

In this way there emerged ‘a form of English that reflected Irish influen…

Here, in alphabetical order, are a handful of good language podcasts that entered the scene in 2019–2020.

The Black Language Podcast, by Black millennial Anansa Benbow, explores Black people’s language (mostly English) in terms of its politics, pragmatics, grammar, and style, demonstrating its beauty and complexity.

(20–30 min)The Language Revolution, by British linguist Cate Hamilton, focuses on language education, particularly learning new languages (at any age): how it happens, why it’s good for you, how languages are taught, and so on.

It comprises broad and informed discussion and interviews on topics such as language education, language attitudes, and linguistics in the news.

(15–30 m…

I have an essay on Irish English dialect in the latest Stinging Fly (winter 2020–21).

The Stinging Fly is an Irish literary magazine on the go since 1997 and a book publisher since 2005.

My essay looks at Galway dialect, though its features are not that different (or different mainly in degree) from southern Irish English in general.

Irish English is a complicated mosaic of influences, not all of them obvious.

‘“Wasn’t It Herself Told Me?” Irish English Dialect in Galway’ is the title.

It’s been a while since I made a book spine poem (aka bookmash).

**Thanks to the authors: Tim Robinson, David George Haskell, Edna O’Brien, Kazuo Ishiguro, Heather Greer, Thich Nhat Hanh, and Deirdre Madden; and to Nina Katchadourian.

Edna O’Brien and Deirdre Madden have both featured a few times on Sentence first, including in previous bookmashes.

Heather Greer’s book, a beautifully illustrated guide to the moths and butterflies of Connemara, is one I did some editing on, years ago.

Have you made a book spine poem yet?

Alphabetical order is not the uniform ideal it may superficially seem to be.

This comment comes from a new book, A Place for Everything: The Curious History of Alphabetical Order by Judith Flanders.

Robert Boyle tried myriad techniques: colour-coding, numerals, mnemonic verses, lettered boxes – but not, oddly, alphabetical order.

The prevalence of alphabetical order has begotten a strange invisibility, making A Place For Everything an enlightening and richly enjoyable read.

While exploring how alphabetical order rose to near-ubiquity in the West, it also offers a broad and entertaining history of adjacent tools and ideas.

Oochy woochy coochy coo.

Oochy woochy coochy coo.

SPOCK: Oochy woochy coochy coo, Captain?

Oochy coochy coochy coo.

Oochy woochy coochy coo.

Phrases that use peak include off-peak, peak oil, and peak time.

This meaning explains why people sometimes write the eggcorn peak one’s interest instead of pique one’s interest – they may picture that interest peaking.

To remember when to use the spelling peak, think of how the capital letter A is like a mountain.

Picture the spelling as peAk, if that helps.

Policing grammar on the radio looks at an example of usage-peeving, wherein a journalist who spoke on Irish radio was criticised by one listener for her grammar:

This headline appeared on the front page of the Guardian website last weekend and came to my attention via Mercedes Durham on Twitter:Vaccine trials halted after patient fell ill restartIt’s quite the syntactic rug-pull.

The story itself has a far more intelligible headline: ‘Oxford University resumes Covid-19 vaccine trials’.

Cached versions on the Wayback Machine suggest that that’s also how it was originally published – the confusing headline appears only on main pages.

If spatial limits or convention prevented the inclusion of that were, the relative clause could have been favourably set off with commas:Vaccine trials, halted after patient fell ill, restartOr, even less conventionally a…

One day the boy, Willie, is home from school for lunch and sees his exercise book still untouched.

Willie thought in his head, in English, “He is not only a fraud, but a coward.” The sentence didn’t sound right; there was a break in the logic somewhere.

I’m curious about what ‘didn’t sound right’ to Willie in the first formulation of the line.

Are they odd in combination, or would either alone sound odd too?

These questions are pretty much moot, since we don’t know exactly what Willie, or Naipaul, thinks about not only .

A fresh batch of linguistic items for your listening, viewing, and reading (lots of reading) pleasure.

There are a few new language podcasts on the scene, but I’ll save those for a separate post.

A brief history of strange English street names.

Using the Irish language on a headstone in England.

A brief history of word games.

Alfred Hitchcock’s comedy-thriller The Trouble with Harry (1955), amidst all its talk of murder and romance, has a fun little exchange of sociolinguistic interest between John Forsythe (‘Sam Marlowe’) and Edmund Gwenn (‘Capt.

Those who correct others’ speech uninvited often do so in a rude and judgemental way.

Marlowe corrects Wiles gently and off-handedly, as though automatically correcting a child.

The script for The Trouble with Harry was written by John Michael Hayes.

I don’t know if the same exchange appears in the source novel by Jack Trevor Story, but Hitchcock obviously liked it.

I’ve been greatly enjoying videos by Geoff Lindsey, an accent coach from the UK who also gives courses at University College London.

His YouTube channel has about 20 videos to date, mostly around 5 or 10 minutes long, on a wide range of topics to do with pronunciation and phonetics.

‘Most folks are amazed when they see the inner life of speech,’ Lindsey says in a fascinating, Stranger Things–themed primer on the human vocal organs that provides a snapshot of what happens anatomically when we speak:Here he reveals what superhero names can tell us about stress patterns in English compounds – why, for example, we say Super man but Invisible Woman :Lindsey’s older videos are shorter and more ex…

A girl can’t tell secrets in front of girls who aren’t friends, because only friends should hear her secrets.

Because ASL words are formed by hand shapes, they cannot be written as English words can.

In addition to being more efficient than writing to each other in English, using this private language reinforces their feeling of closeness and of the uniqueness of their rapport.

Any two people can devise a private language, and many who are close do.

I can relate to the more general observations on private language – its creation (and loss) in romantic relationships, and also its continual expression in families, maybe especially among siblings.

My limited knowledge of Scots and Scottish English when I was young was based on caricatures in comics, particularly ‘Hot-Shot Hamish’.

Linguistically it has been described as a continuum spanning Broad Scots and Standard Scottish English, with considerable variety in between.

A common misconception is dispatched on the Spellin an Grammar page of Scots Wikipedia: ‘Scots isna juist Inglis written wi orra wirds an spellins.

It haes its ain grammar an aw.’It is wirds that are showcased in Cauld Blasts and Clishmaclavers, a new book by Robin A. Crawford, whose publisher, Elliott & Thompson, sent me a copy.

Cauld Blasts and Clishmaclavers is a constant pleasure, thrang (‘densely packed’) with a …

And that can mean only one thing: it’s time to award the annual Strong Language honors for excellence in swearing.

The “Fuck 2020” sentiment was also eloquently expressed in song form.

First off, “F2020” by Avenue Beat (the sweet-voiced trio of Sami Bearden, Savana Santos, and Samantha Backoff), whose message “lowkey fuck 2020” went viral on Tiktok back in June.

And for those who prefer a more glam-metal take on the concept, there’s “Fuck 2020” by Steel Panther.

— Lin-Manuel Miranda (@Lin_Manuel) June 22, 2020Best Fucking Swearing in MusicWhile we’ve already had a few musical entries so far, there’s no contest when it comes to the most noteworthy swearing in song for 2020.

We’re pleased AF to let you know that “History of Swear Words,” will launch on Netflix January 5, 2021.

The series—six 20-minute episodes—will consider the etymologies, false etymologies, and usage of six classic swears: fuck, shit, dick, bitch, pussy, and damn.

We’re especially pleased that one of our Strong Language co-fuckers, lexicographer Kory Stamper, was one of the consultants for the show.

The other experts include cognitive scientist and author of What the F Benjamin Bergen; linguist Anne Charity Hudley; professor of feminist studies Mireille Miller-Young; film critic Elvis Mitchell; and author of Holy Sh*t: A Brief History of Swearing Melissa Mohr.

And let’s hope for a second seas…

I was reminded of this while reading Janet Somerville’s new selection of Martha Gellhorn’s letters, Yours, for probably always (Firefly Books, 2019) and then Caroline Morehead’s Gellhorn: A Twentieth-Century Life (Henry Holt and Company, 2003).

To my mind, Gellhorn is one of the best American writers of the twentieth century.

You might come away from the letter in question thinking that Gellhorn wouldn’t go so far as to actually say cunt or fuck.

Again, we lack a concordance of all the times Martha Gellhorn said fuck, but the published relics of her speech suggest that it happened a lot.

I suppose I can’t avoid mentioning here what I’ve resisted for the last few paragraphs, that Gellhorn wa…

Miami news anchor Frances Wang (@franceswangtv) posted a montage of Alex Trebek swearing like a salty seadog fishing herring in the Bay of Fundy.

I take a different lesson from it: nice people — even an icon of niceness like Alex Trebek — swear a lot.

It sounds wrong, I know, but I’m glad my mother died before Alex Trebek.

She’d have been disappointed in Alex Trebek, not to mention Frances Wang, and no less displeased with me, I’m sure, for posting this.

What is RIP, Alex Trebek?

Yes, 2020 has been a shitshow, but at Strong Language we still observe the niceties—or the naughtyties—of ritual and tradition.

Here are gifts that evoke the spirit of the season and the whole fucking year.

A Very Sweary Dictionary—hot off the presses from sweary editor Kia Thomas—covers the territory from abso-fucking-lutely to wankstain.

Green’s Dictionary of Slang, by our co-fucker Jonathon Green, celebrated 10 years in print this year.

Also available in “Stay the Fuck Home and Bake Something.”For the twat who fucks around with wordplayZero fox given T-shirt.

Sometimes the student’s intention is clear: “Hitler was a facetious dictator.” But I couldn’t figure out what was intended by the student who wrote:My grandmother, when she was alive, was quite the grammar ho.

The problem with this interpretation is that I can’t find any instance online of someone using ho to mean anything other than enthusiasm for sex, though there is a Pinterest board called Grammar Ho, which contains examples of “internet grammar”.

What might "grammar ho" refer to in this context?

She was a grammar ho.

My grandmother was a grammar ho (Gramajo) and my grandfather was a guava (Guevara).

According to @cinexina, the word would be merder, “definitely the best translation if the word ‘shit’ is absolutely required.

Literally shit show would be spettacolo di merda, but that’s not an idiom.

@forzaviola15 gave Viennese German: ein Schas (“literally means fart”).

Icelandic gives us skítasýning, according to @DisaBjarna (I looked it up: literally ‘shitshow’).

In Indonesian, per @irfanfq and @kalaMMaya, it would be acara sampah – which translates literally to ‘trash event’.

Nancy: Both SCHIIT and DOUCHEBAGS treat the profanity in their respective brand-name stories.

Go ape Schiit.” “And Schiit happens,” I agreed.” “If you don’t have our stuff, you’re up Schiit creek,” Lisa added.

What do you say, Anne—do Schiit and Douchebags pass the distinctiveness test?

Nancy: On the other hand, if you want to advertise Schiit or Douchebags on the public airwaves to an English-speaking audience, you’ll probably run into roadblocks.

But good luck getting NPR’s Scott Simon or “The View” ladies to talk about Schiit headphones or Douchebags backpacks.

Pull up a chair, my little dears, and I’m going to tell you a sad tale of fallen words, a story about how little dears – or should I say words for ‘little’ and for ‘dear’ – started out lovely and beloved and ended up scorned and scornful.

It also gave rise to Latin carus ‘dear’, which is the source of such words as French chéri(e) and English charity.

And it also gave rise to Proto-Slavic *kury and to Germanic *hōraz, *hōrǭ, and *hōrą.

The meaning of *kury foretells the sense of its descendants in all of the Slavic languages: ‘whore’.

This barely begins to address the thorny and twisted social attitudes towards sex work, of course – it’s just an insight into etymology and the effects of ide…

The book also features what appears to be the word’s antonym: the phrase ass up.

So what do slang experts have on unass and ass up?

GDoS also has two senses for ass up: ‘take drugs’, in US Black slang, and as part of the phrase ass up to, meaning ‘toady to, curry favour’, dating to at least 1970 per the Dictionary of American Regional English.

Wiktionary has unass ‘get out of (a vehicle or building)’, and there are some inevitable half-assed entries in Urban Dictionary.

But you can bet your arse I’ll find a way to use unass in conversation today.

On my blog about British words and expressions adopted in America, Not One-Off-Britishisms, I’ve written briefly a couple of times about “bollocks,” originally meaning testicles and since used in all sorts of colorful ways.

I imagine that the move to acceptability occurred following the 1977 album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here’s the Sex Pistols.

It’s this: American “bollix up” does not derive from “ballocks”=”testicles,” but rather from an older verb with a different etymology, “ball.” The OED‘s first definition: “Of a shoe (esp.

Also with the horse as subject.” The dictionary has citations, all but one American, dating from 1760.

The expression “balls-up,” mentioned previously, meaning a b…

Rather than see masks as an annoyance, why not regard them as an opportunity for self-expression?

(Hat tip: Jordie Welles)Here’s a highly specific sport mask for baseball fans who give zero fucks about rival pastimes.

Each of these perky designs—I’m a Ray of Fucking Sunshine, Fresh Out of Fucks, and Zero Fucks Given—will set you back $14.

used in place of an obscenity, especially in comic strips.” Logo-adorned swag includes pillows, mugs, T-shirts, notebooks, and, of course, reusable masks.

You can also buy the fabric by the yard for sewing your own masks, curtains, quilts—you name it.

Once upon a time, dear StrongLangers, we made a promise to keep you regularly updated with interesting sweary tidbits from the Wide World of Web.

It has been, we note with embarrassment, more than 30 months since we posted Sweary Links #25.

Not with 30 months of links: are you fucking kidding?

An excerpt:Scripts were sent to Ian Martin, a comedy writer from Lancashire tasked with making the swearing more creative.

pic.twitter.com/Yh3gB7B4A4 — Jesse Sheidlower (@jessesheidlower) May 12, 2020*[Dont forget to say “tennis.” Don’t forget to say “tennis.” Don’t forget to say “tennis”…] pic.twitter.com/X3Ia2CRqkA — David Hobby (@strobist) May 17, 2020*Question posed:Question answered:*How should w…

When John Boorman and his team were filming Deliverance in rural southeast US, they faced difficulties not only in handling the unforgiving location but also in making certain scenes suitable for eventual TV broadcasting.

One scene in particular proved a challenge: Jon Voight and Ned Beatty’s brutal encounter with two sadistic locals in the woods.

According to Boorman, the film’s producers suggested that he shoot the scene two different ways, so that there’d be a version suitable for TV.

That directive led to the film’s most famous line, spoken by Bill McKinney playing Mountain Man: ‘Squeal like a pig’ (squeallikeapig.com, incidentally, was McKinney’s website address).

‘Squeal like a pig’ w…

Where ordinary words water our worlds with a garden hose, taboo words open a fire hydrant.

Cognitive psychologists rely on this fact; they sometimes use taboo words as distractors in stimulus-response experiments to slow down responses in contrast with ordinary words.

So why do we use taboo words in certain circumstances?

Taboo words are charged with a strong emotion and a sense of danger and of breaking norms, and they zap the discourse with that charge when we deploy them.

Language is behaviour, and loose use of taboo language is by definition misbehaviour.

Right, Wrong, and RelativeA while ago at work, I ran into a common problem: trying to decide whether to stop editing out a usage I don’t like.

But this time, I kept thinking about what makes a usage right or wrong and how we as editors decide which rules to enforce and which ones to let slide.

Even if all the copy editors in the English-speaking world were to edit it out, it will likely continue to thrive in speech and unedited text.

Some usage dictionaries have relied on corpus data to find out what actual usage is, though finding out what usage is doesn’t tell us which usage is right.

It mostly doesn’t attempt to declare what’s right and wrong.

The dictionaries consider “prior” an adverbial usage only as part of the preposition “prior to,” as in “He made the will prior to his marriage.” In that sentence, “prior to” introduces a prepositional phrase (“prior to his marriage”) that modifies the verb “made.”As we wrote on our blog in 2007, “prior to” is a preposition that can function as either an adjective or an adverb.

We used these examples: “Construction prior to [adjective] 1900 is reviewed prior to [adverb] demolition.” In either case, “previous to” or “before” could be substituted for “prior to.”So the adverbial use you mention, “I’d said I would, a year prior ,” would be more acceptable in this form: “I’d said I would, a year …

A: The definite article “the” was once common before a high title preceding a personal name, as in “the Queen Jadis,” but the usage isn’t seen much now.

Vortigern was a fifth-century king of the Britons, according to some medieval accounts.

We’ve found quite a few examples of the usage in Shakespeare, such as this remark by Polonius to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern: “You go to seek the Lord Hamlet; there he is” (Hamlet, Act II, scene 2, circa 1600).

Help support the Grammarphobia Blog with your donation.

And check outour books about the English language and more.

A: Let’s begin with “damn.” When the word showed up in Middle English in the 14th century, “damn” was a verb meaning to condemn.

It wasn’t until the 16th century that “damn” was used profanely.

In the early 17th century, according to OED citations, “damn” showed up as a noun used “as a profane imprecation”—that is, a curse.

he no hear you swear, curse, speak the great Damn.” From The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719), by Daniel Defoe.

But if there is a link between “not worth a curse” and the medieval “not worth a kerse,” it’s not traceable.

Q: What’s the history behind the expression “to get one’s ducks in a row”?

Yes, a mother duck does somehow manage to get her ducklings to line up in a row and follow her.

one’s ducks in a row,” meaning to be well prepared or organized for something, first appeared in late 19th-century American usage.

And we’ve seen no evidence that references in 19th-century books and newspapers to a row of real ducks inspired the figurative usage.

“That’s better,” said their mother; “But well-bred ducks walk in a row, straight, one behind the other.” “Yes,” said the little ducks again, all waddling in a row.

Read Pat’s review today in the New York Times Book Review of The Liar’s Dictionary, Eley Williams’s comic novel about love and lexicography.

Help support the Grammarphobia Blog with your donation.

And check outour books about the English language and more.

Is the latter simply a shortened form with the same meaning, or is it meant to convey something different?

A: You’ll be surprised to hear this, but “time and again” isn’t a truncated version of “time and time again.” The longer expression is an inflated version of the shorter one.

The earliest examples we’ve found in historical databases are from newspapers published in Virginia and Massachusetts.

The shorter version is not only earlier, but it’s apparently more popular.

Help support the Grammarphobia Blog with your donation.

Q: As a Robert, I’m curious about the “bert” in names like mine—say, Albert, Herbert, Hubert, Gilbert, Norbert, and, for that matter, Bertram.

Ultimately, the “bert” in these names has the same source as the English words “bright” (beorht in Old English) and “birch” (birce in Old English, so named because it was a white tree).

The Old English beorht, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, has cousins not only in Old High German (beraht) but also in Old Saxon and Middle High German (berht), Old Icelandic (bjartr), Old Swedish (barter), Old Danish (bert, bier), and Gothic (bairhts).

The Old English beorht and Old High German beraht were used in personal masculine and feminine names, acco…

“From its ignoble beginnings a century after Tiro’s scholarly et, the ampersand assumed its now-familiar shape with remarkable speed even as its rival remained immutable,” he writes.

Although the ampersand was common in medieval Latin manuscripts, including works written in Latin by Anglo-Saxon scholars, it took quite a while for the character to replace the Tironian et in English.

Dictionaries routinely transcribe the Tironian note as an ampersand in their citations from Old and Middle English.

We’ve seen several other Old English alphabets arranged in similar order.

We haven’t seen any examples of the ampersand used in Old English other than in alphabets.

The conventional wisdom is that it evolved from the dap, the elaborate greeting used by black soldiers during the Vietnam War.

While doing research, I found an old story by Stewart Kellerman that may be the first written use of the term.

Here’s an excerpt from the article in which both “dap” and “dapping” are used:The blacks arrived in groups of two or three during the night.

Blacks say the dap is mainly used to say hello, show friendship and express brotherhood.

by young black men to express solidarity or enthusiasm.” It cites the same dictionary of black jargon mentioned in Green’s.

A rector in her Barsetshire novels privately regards the Second World War as ‘little but an intensification of Christmas’.

We have all twenty-nine of her Barsetshire novels, and whenever a certain longing reaches critical mass we read all twenty-nine again, straight though.

Born in 1890, Thirkell wrote thirty-three novels between the 1930s and her death in 1961, most of them set in Barsetshire, the fictional English county she borrowed from Trollope and updated for the 20th century.

A Scot visiting Barsetshire says his family seat, Aberdeathly, lies ‘on the slopes of Ben Gaunt, just above Loch Gloom, and about ten miles by road from Inverdreary’.

In an introduction to a 1958 edition of Trol…

And how did it come to mean deceive?

A: The verb “hoodwink” is a lot older than that.

It first appeared in the 16th century but has roots in the Old English words for “hood” and “wink,” according to the Oxford English Dictionary.

In Anglo-Saxon days, a hood (or hod) referred to a head covering, while wincian meant to close one’s eyes.

The OED’s earliest written example for “hood” is from the Epinal Glossary, which dates from some time before 700.

Q: Are you as upset as I am over the growing use of the meaningless phrase “one of the only”?

I’m guessing it was coined by an advertising copywriter trying to impart exclusivity to his client’s pedestrian product.

A: We’re sorry to disappoint you, but we see nothing wrong with “one of the only” followed by a plural noun.

In some constructions, “only” is used legitimately in a plural sense to mean very few.

For instance, if “only three people” know a secret, they’re “the only three people” who know it.

Is there a term for words like “earring” and örhänge (ear hanger) that describe the same thing in different ways?

A: Two terms that have similar meanings in the same language, whether conceptually similar or not, are considered synonyms.

However, the term in another Nordic language, Icelandic, is conceptually different from all the others: eyrnalokkur (ear lure).

As it turns out, there were at least three different terms for an earring in Old English, and each was conceptually different: earpreon (ear pin), earspinl (ear spindle), and earhring (ear ring).

One could perhaps argue that the modern terms “earring,” örhänge, and ørering are conceptually “hyponyms” of the “hypernym” eyrnalokkur.

Q: A column in the Washington Post refers to “the lapidary phrases of a Supreme Court opinion.” Is this an oddball use of the word?

A: The adjective “lapidary” can refer either to engraving on stone, especially stone monuments, or to writing that’s suitable for engraving on stone.

As for the word’s etymology, English borrowed “lapidary” from the classical Latin adjective lapidarius (of or relating to stone).

When “lapidary” first appeared in English in the 14th century, it was a noun that had two meanings: (1) someone who cuts, polishes, or engraves precious stones, and (2) a treatise on precious stones.

The dictionary defines the adjective “lapidary,” which showed up in the early 18th cent…

Those adjectives are largely meaningless if used alone: “He’s inveterate” … “He’s unregenerate.” An inveterate or unregenerate what?

It can be used alone: “He’s degenerate.” When used to modify “gambler,” it describes an incidental characteristic of a gambler.

In other words, “He’s a degenerate gambler” would mean “He’s not only a gambler, but also degenerate.”A comparison of the three phrases in Google’s Ngram viewer shows that “inveterate gambler” is by far the most common.

It gets about three times as many hits as the runner-up, “degenerate gambler.” Trailing distantly in last place is “unregenerate gambler,” which barely registers.

“Las Vegas shooter was a degenerate gambler” (New York …

where bōsī 波斯 is obviously a transcription of "Persia":Borrowed from Old Persian (Pārsa).

More of a surprise to me was the fact that the English word "spinach" seems to mirror the Sinitic in also having a Persian derivation, though not exactly the same one.

From Middle English spinach, from Anglo-Norman spinache, from Old French espinoche, from Old Occitan espinarc, from Arabic إِسْفَانَاخ‎ (ʾisfānāḵ), from Persian اسپناخ‎ (espanâx).

(source)Middle English, from Old French espinache, from Medieval Latin spināchium, from Arabic 'isfānāḫ, from Persian espenāj, espenākh.

According to Cabolov, related to Northern Kurdish siping (“meadow salsify, possibly also spinach”) and Persian سپند‎ (sipand, “w…

Even though the posters are written in Sinographs (Hanzi, Chinese characters), there are many parts that are unintelligible to people who are literate in Mandarin but do not know Shanghainese.

This has been confirmed to me by many non-Shanghainese speakers who can read texts written in Mandarin and even in Classical Chinese / Literary Sinitic.

The last line is especially interesting linguistically, since in Mandarin qiāngdiào 腔调 means "accent; tune; intonation; tone of voice", but in Shanghainese it means "model behavior" and many other things, for which see this 20:21 video.

From numerous Language Log posts, we already know for sure this is not true for Cantonese, Taiwanese, and other Sini…

« previous post |This is all over the Chinese internet:(source)The Chinese translation given is:Zhōngguó xìnshǒu nuòyán中国信守诺言"China keeps its promise"That's the exact opposite of the English original: "China breaks promise"This is so far off and politically motivated that it seems someone, or some group, must have sabotaged Google Translate in this particular case.

Baidu Fanyi correctly renders "China breaks promise" as " Zhōngguó shīxìn le 中国失信了".

Update: Google has already corrected it.

The translation of "China breaks promise" is now correctly rendered as " Zhōngguó wéi nuò 中国违诺".

Selected readings[Thanks to Chau Wu]Permalink

« previous post |From Frank Clements:(source)Can you read it?

Selected readingsPermalink

That is why, aside from Napa cabbage, it is also called Chinese cabbage.

We also have "white bok choy", "rosie bok choy", "red bok choy", "tiny bok choy", and Shanghai bok choy".

What is labelled Bok Choy may come in 2 forms: traditional true bok choy (Chinese: 小白菜; lit.

The texture of Shanghai bok choy is less crisp and gets slimy if overcooked but otherwise can be substituted in many cooking applications when true bok choy is unavailable.

(source)Sometimes when I contemplate the universe of bok choy names and types, I start to feel as though I'm going out of my mind.

I cannot understand why scholars (and others) insist upon talking about Sogdian "Zoroastrianism", even while presenting evidence that usually suggests it was something else.

The term "mazdayasnish zarathushtrish", used as the self-identification in the Pahlavi texts, means literally "[we who] sacrifice to Mazda [in the manner prescribed by] Zarathushtra".

So if a religion doesn't demonstrably consist of performing sacrifices to Mazda by following the liturgical prescriptions of Zarathushtra, then what is the basis for calling that religion Zoroastrianism?

The Sogdian Ashem Vohu prayer discussed at length by Ashurov could indeed seem to provide evidence of the presence of a Zoroastrian rite …

I would never have continued this if I thought Japanese poetry is untranslatable.

Part of the problem is that it leads to discussions like we saw on the blog on September 26—discussions which inevitably started revolving around a bit of a straw man, since no one reasonable has ever said that Chinese poetry is “untranslatable."

And it is a valid thing to ask in English translations in a language like Japanese or Chinese.

Someone who has not learned to read and write Chinese will not be able to access the same kinetic experience of the art form.

I just looked at and fell in love with a new translation of academic Matthew Stavros, who chose to render Chomei’s prose into poetry.

Pashto zōṛ and Ossetian zœrond, "old"; Middle Persian zāl, "old"):"with angry/furious camels": from Avestan *zarant- , "angry, furious".

"who is driving camels" or "who is fostering/cherishing camels": related to Avestan zarš- , "to drag".

Notwithstanding the phonetic irregularity, that Avestan zaraϑuštra with its -ϑ- was linguistically an actual form is shown by later attestations reflecting the same basis.

In Middle Persian, the name is Zardu(x)št, in Parthian Zarhušt, in Manichaean Middle Persian Zrdrwšt, in Early New Persian Zardušt, and in modern (New Persian), the name is زرتشت Zartosht.

As for Sinitic luòtuó 駱駝 < Middle Sinitic: /lɑk̚ dɑ/ < Old Sinitic /*ɡ·raːɡ l'aːl/, I do have a hun…

« previous post |The whole world knows about BLM (Black Lives Matter).

I suppose, in the expression "Black Lives Matter" it means something like "are of consequence / importance".

Yet, if we reworded the slogan as "Black Lives Are of Consequence / Importance" or "Black Lives Are Important / Consequential", it would lose its impact, its zing.

Pondering all of these aspects of the movement's name, I often wondered how "matter" could be felicitously rendered in Chinese.

How do the Japanese handle the problem of the translation of "Black Lives Matter" in their language?

——————–conclusion of Chau Wu's guest post———————*Since no Old Persian or other Old Iranian form is attested, we have no choice but to give the Greek form (in Roman transliteration).

Here's a brief data-dump, for what it's worth:1) Celtic kings had to have intercourse with a white mare at some point.

Celtic king with white mare, and Cretan queen with bull — and note that Europa was hijacked to Crete by a white bull).

mareFrom Middle English mare, mere, from Old English mīere (“female horse, mare”), from Proto-Germanic *marhijō (“female horse”) (compare Scots mere, meir, mear (“mare”), North Frisian mar (“mare, horse”), West Frisian merje (“mare”), Dutch merrie (“mare”), Danish mær (“mare”), …

« previous post |Today's SMBC:The mouseover title: "Also, when making a word possessive, I only add an apostrophe, never an s."The aftercomic:Permalink

In my review of 'The Passivator" (4/6/2004), I noted that "though The Passivator is billed as a 'passive verb and adverb flagger', it just flags certain strings of characters — final "-ly" for alleged adverbs, forms of 'to be' for alleged passives".

The "Passive Voice Detector" at datalyze.com uses a slightly less silly version of the same dumb algorithm — it flags forms of to be immediately followed by words ending in -ed.

Of course I'm not suggesting that someone should build a passive-detector that actually works, because the whole idea is predicated on the widely-held false belief that use of the passive voice is bad, combined with even more widespread confusion about what the passive v…

« previous post |This is a passage from chapter 3 of Dan Brown's Digital Fortress (1998)Eventually one of them [VHM: NSA cryptographers] explained what Becker had already surmised.

For two hours, Becker interpreted an endless stream of Mandarin symbols.

He explained that Kanji was a Japanese writing system based on modified Chinese characters.

Referring to Chinese characters as "symbols" right away gives one cause for grave reservation.

————There is probably no subject on earth concerning which more misinformation is purveyed and more misunderstandings circulated than Chinese characters (漢字, Chinese hanzi, Japanese kanji, Korean hanja) or sinograms.

« previous post |From today's SMBC:The whole thing:The mouseover title: "100 is really just a starting point.

We may need to go as low as 1 before we see results."

The AfterComic:In economics, the "Laffer Curve" claims to show that reducing tax rates increases (or rather, can increase) total tax revenue.

This comic presents a similar argument that reducing the size of communication networks increases total happiness.

There's an echo here of Robin Dunbar's argument about natural human group sizes, in his 1996 book Grooming, Gossip, and the Origin of Language.

I have thoroughly read most of your forum posts and I totally share your opinions on language learning, especially as expressed in this post.

Frequently mix up Chinese characters that look the same, for example 人 (ren2) and 入 (ru4) when reading.

For example, the Chinese characters 话 (talk) and 画 (draw) sound the same but have different meanings.

Display a poor stroke sequence when writing Chinese characters.

I believe that the pedagogical priorities of Chinese language teaching and learning need to be reordered.

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Most people: [ha.ha.ha.ha.ha] Most people on the internet: [lɒ.ɫɒ.ɫɒ.ɫɒ.ɫɒɫ] Me: [ʔ͡ɦ.ɦ↓.ʔ͡ɦ.ɦ↓.ʔ͡ɦ.ɦ↓.ʔ͡ɦ.ɦ↓.ʔ͡ɦ.ɦ↓] submitted by /u/GreyDemon606 [link] [comments]

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So, you know how some languages have things we know are loanwords, because we have historical evidence? I ignored those, and reconstructed proto-forms of a language family we already know existed, with proto forms we know did not exist. Dutch English German Proto Germanic siaan ˈsaɪˌæn t͡syˈaːn *tsiuani ˈɑɹɪ̈nd͡ʒ oˈʁaŋʒə *orahnggsgiz or *ozahnggsigiz ​ Ancient Greek Hittite Proto-Indo-European κύανος kuwannan *Kuwn̥no- submitted by /u/thomasp3864 [link] [comments]

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Bonus 47: Deleted scenes - outtake stories from Lingthusiasm interviewsWe’ve interviewed lots of great linguists on Lingthusiasm, and sometimes there’s a story or two that we just don’t have space for in the main episode, so here’s a bonus episode with our favourite outtakes!

Think of it as a special bonus edition DVD of the past few years of Lingthusiasm with director’s commentary and deleted scenes.

Featuring: Suzy Styles on Space Babies and where the names kiki and bouba came from, Ake Nicholas on the Hawaiian language version of Moana, Kirby Conrod on how people use systems of grammatical gender, and Shivonne Gates on reading Homegirls by Norma Mendoza Denton – plus Lauren and Gretchen …

Gretchen: Oh, it’s a good story, any story with a cat is a good story.

Gretchen: But if I say, “I was walking home last night and I saw the cat…”Lauren: Oh my god, your cat got out and then you saw it!

Gretchen: So maybe that’s my cat, but maybe that’s just, like, The Cat of Doom.

Gretchen: Or, like, “I was walking last night and I saw that cat.”Lauren: Aw, has it been scratching up all of your plants again?

Gretchen: And I don’t even think I want them all to sit in my lap, because I think I’d be crushed.

Transcript Lingthusiasm Episode 51: Small talk, big dealThis is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 51: Small talk, big deal.

So, I feel like I’ve entered a different world when I manage to have small talk about sport.

Lauren: I always find it interesting how small groups of people have their own expectations about what topics of small talk are appropriate.

But it was really relieving when I started reading some anthropological literature on small talk in Western countries and small talk and genre appropriateness in Nepal and just like, “Ah, this has a name.

Lauren: A small talk experience can just be that moment of small talk, and you have a nice chance to interact with each other.

Gretchen and Lauren get enthusiastic with Emily about the process of making dictionaries, based on your patron questions.

Get all your lexicography questions answers, as well as access to 45 other bonus episodes by becoming a Patron!

Become a Patron and get access to the Crash Course channel in the Lingthusiasm Discord to chat about each episode!

To receive an email whenever a new episode drops, sign up for the Lingthusiasm mailing list.

Lingthusiasm is created by Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne.

Someone has made a delightful sporcle quiz of Lingthusiasm episode titles!

Can you do better than the Lingthusiasm team, who got 87%, 76%, and 36%?

(We won’t say who was which!)

AboutA podcast that's enthusiastic about linguistics by Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne.

A lively, deep, language-y conversation with real linguists!

"Joyously nerdy" –Buzzfeed.

New episodes (free!)

the third Thursday of the month.

Bonus 46: Q&A with lexicographer Emily Brewster of Merriam-WebsterHow do lexicographers make the decision to add new words or meanings to their dictionaries?

In this bonus episode of Lingthusiasm, Gretchen and Lauren get enthusiastic about the process of making dictionaries, posing your patron questions to lexicographer Emily Brewster of Merriam-Webster.

This is our first bonus episode where we’ve done a Q&A from patrons with a guest – let us know what you think!

We also have a Crash Course channel in the Lingthusiasm Discord to chat about each episode!

Listen to the lexicography bonus episode and get access to 45 more bonus episodes by supporting Lingthusiasm on Patreon.

Help spread the Lingthusiasm for our fourth anniversary!

To celebrate, we’re asking you to introduce the show to people who would be totally into a linguistics podcast, if only they knew it existed!

You can also experience Lingthusiasm through your eyeballs, since all Lingthusiasm episodes have human-edited transcripts.

Share a link to a Lingthusiasm episode you enjoyed!

(But you can still feel free to tell us about your private recs on social media if you’d like to be thanked!)

Transcript Lingthusiasm Episode 50This is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 50: Climbing the sonority mountain from A to P. It’s been lightly edited for readability.

Lauren: But that’s really the vowel happening there not the /p/.

I don’t think that’s offensive to German speakers, but you do wanna double check these things.

It’s somewhere between “blick” and “lbick” on the spectrum of like, okay, this doesn’t sound like it’s an English word.

Gretchen: If you’re really trying to spell it out, like “Go get the /pɹɪzɪm/,” you could maybe put a vowel there.

Lingthusiasm Episode 50: Climbing the sonority mountain from A to P“Blick” is not a word of English.

We also talk about the incredibly weird case of S.—This month’s bonus episode is a behind the scenes look at the creation of Crash Course Linguistics!

We’re joined by Jessi Grieser, the third member of our linguistics content team behind the scripts of Crash Course Linguistics.

Also, Crash Course Linguistics videos are coming out every Friday!

To receive an email whenever a new episode drops, sign up for the Lingthusiasm mailing list.

Lauren: So we have a picture on the website, you can see it as I’m presenting this picture to Gretchen.

And I’m presenting her with a thing she has never seen before and I say, “Gretchen, this is called a wug.”Gretchen: Okay.

Lauren: It’s a cute, little, blue, boopy, bird-like thing.

Lauren: You have passed what is known as the Wug Test.

Gretchen: So, the Wug Test was a test that was created in, I think it was 1958, by Jean Berko Gleason, who was actually an undergrad at the time?

A big project for Lingthusiasm in 2020 has been collaborating on a series of 10 minute intro linguistics videos with Crash Course, a big educational youtube channel.

In this bonus episode of Lingthusiasm, Gretchen and Lauren are joined by Jessi Grieser, the third member of our linguistics content team behind the scripts of Crash Course Linguistics!

Crash Course Linguistics videos are available now and coming out weekly!

We also have a Crash Course channel in the Lingthusiasm Discord to chat about each episode!

Listen to the honorifics bonus episode and get access to 44 more bonus episodes by supporting Lingthusiasm on Patreon.

Transcript Episode 49: How translators approach a textThis is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 49: How translators approach a text.

So, we’ve been reading it section by section, and different members of the book club have picked different translations into English of the same work.

Gretchen: Different translations – and a lot of them have conventional names that literary scholars have used to talk about the characters.

That’s just different decisions that different translations can use.

You can see where translation really does require this understanding of vocabulary choice and style choice and how it can all go really, really wrong.

Check out the 2020 LingComm Grant winnersIn 2020 we gave out 4 LingComm Grants.

The 2020 LingComm Grants were $500 (USD) to support a linguistics communication project that brings linguistics to new audiences in engaging ways.

We plan to keep tweaking the structure of the LingComm Grants in future years based on what we’ve learned.

If you’re thinking of starting a lingcomm project, or any scicomm project, check out the resources page on the LingComm Grants website.

Twitter: @AnansaBenbowFollow The Black Language Podcast on various podcast platforms and @blacklangpod on Twitter and on Instagram.

- HZThis month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

Allusionist listeners get a 30-day free trial at acorn.tv if you use the code allusionist.

Jim Glaub and Dylan Parker didn’t think too much of it when, every year, a few letters for Santa were delivered to their New York apartment addressed to Santa.

But then one year, 400 letters arrived.

And they decided they had to answer them.

Hear them on Spotify, where there’ll soon also be an Allusionist one about the future of language.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get a 30-day free trial at acorn.tv if you use the code allusionist.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

Allusionist listeners get a 30-day free trial at acorn.tv if you use the code allusionist.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

Allusionist listeners get a 30-day free trial at acorn.tv if you use the code allusionist.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

The Allusionist is the best work I’ve ever done.

Here is my Twitter statement from when I found out about it all, and another a few days later in support of the PRX staff.

Bear in mind that I don’t work at PRX and therefore have limited insight into what has happened and is happening there.

I have, however, been part of Radiotopia, a network with a mostly white line-up.

The relevant part for you is if you have donated to Radiotopia to support this show, your largesse will no longer reach me.

CREDITS:Back in two weeks with a new episode - HZThis month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

The word for ‘ghostwriter’ in French is a racist slur. How did THAT come about? And what word could French-speakers say instead?

So maybe I can dismiss these signs of respect because I haven't had to demand respect as a human being.

Oh, that's sweeet; but I'm going to name it after the town in England where my nanny's from, because I'm homesick.

And I still hear a lot of people who cannot remember what you're supposed to call a male flight attendant.

And I've been trying to see if there any particular patterns in the ways that gendered language is gender things.

Could it be that I only don't like it when there's the implication of some kind of social change attached?

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

The Allusionist is a member of the podcast collective Radiotopia from PRX.

Download his songs at palebirdmusic.com and hear more of his composition on the new science podcast for kids Maddie’s Sound Explorers.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

The Allusionist is part of the podcast collective Radiotopia from PRX.

CREDITS:The Allusionist is part of Radiotopia from PRX, a collective of excellent podcasts.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

CREDITS:The Allusionist is part of Radiotopia from PRX, a collective of excellent podcasts.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

CREDITS:The Allusionist is part of Radiotopia from PRX, a collective of excellent podcasts.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

You can now listen to all Talk the Talk episodes by copying and pasting this URL into your pod listener thing.

http://danielmidgley.com/talkthetalk/talk_classic.xml

George uses some research into the etymology of coronavirus to launch into a way to build a story around the etymology of a word.

In the last episode of Conlangery, I repeated a commonly stated etymology of coronavirus, stating that it was named for its “crown-like spikes”.

I noticed their etymology didn’t match the one that I had heard on the news and repeated on the show.

When coming up with words, I often actually do a little research on the actual object I’m naming.

Did the speakers know about this concept thousands of years ago, or is it something they just recently encountered?

George and Joey Windsor use the various names of COVID-19 as a jumping off point to talk about naming diseases.

Note that this episode was recorded in May, and quite a lot has changed in the intervening time.

Top of Show Greeting: ChátsuSpecial mentions (from top of show note): A list of BLM charities, When We Stay In, Corley English (YouTube, Bilibili, website)LInks and Resources:

Links:Script:Welcome to Conlangery, the podcast about constructed languages and the people who create them.

In what time I have, I’ve been able to do a little bit of conlanging, and I wanted to share a little bit about my plans there.

Before we get to that, Conlangery is entirely supported by our patrons on Patreon.

I’m going to link to the Google Docs where I’m working on these languages so people can look at what I’ve done so far.

I’m probably going to be seeking feedback about my migrations and such, as I’m getting a bit out of my depth there.

George brings on David J Peterson and Jesse Sams to talk about their new livestreaming adventure, LangTime Studio.

Top of Show Greeting: NekāchtiTranscript

Новогодние праздники пройдут отлично https://youtu.be/XByiHpUvrj0

Через пару часов начнется виртуальный бранч Политехнического музея. Отличная возможность не только послушать известных ученых, но и задать им вопросы. Вас ждут:▫️Лингвист Борис Иомдин — расскажет, что слова, обозначающие «ночь» в разных культурах, говорят о происхождении языков.▫️Физик Валериан Юров — обсудит, почему наблюдаемая Вселенная такая темная и какой она была раньше.▫️Врач и научный журналист Анна Хоружая — ответит на вопросы о сне.Начало в 14:00. Не забудьте зарегистрироваться: polytech.timepad.ru/event/1505923/

Про любимые лингвистические блоги и комиксы я уже писала, теперь настало время аудиоразвлечений. Набор ограничен знанием только трех с половиной языков, но если вы знаете классные подкасты про любые языки, то пишите в личных сообщениях! Поехали:1. В подкасте Розенталь и Гильденстерн ведущие обсуждают проблемы школьных правил по русскому языку, придумывают леденящие душу тесты на сдвоенную «н» и рассказывают, что именно говорить людям, которые считают, что слово «демократия» произошло от «демонов».2. Понаехали и остались — подкаст про иностранцев, которые решили остаться в России и выучить язык. Кроме удивительных историй можно насладиться разнообразием акцентов, которые нечасто услышишь даж…

Российские прокатчики продолжают добивать хорошие фильмы

🔢 Вдогонку к статье о римских цифрах.В 1768 году в Риме вышла небольшая, но очень красивая книга, что-то вроде справочника по каллиграфии. Книга маленькая, всего 20 страниц, зато название ого-го:The Writing Pen: a new book containing several alphabets and various moral judgements as well as descriptive formulae, bills of exchange, maritime policies, waybills, and other trade writings in the current style, with a final table of Roman numeralsВ ней собраны образцы написания того, что имело значение в то время. Вот как это выглядело.Нас интересует последняя страница, на ней приведены римские цифры. Посмотрите, какие увлекательные штуки происходят с ними, начиная с тысячи (M).Использование надс…

Урок 5. ВремяУ нас три времени: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Прошлое тревожит, настоящее пугает, будущее ужасает.Диалог 5. Родные– Где ты был?– Нигде.– Как себя чувствуешь?– Нормально.– Кашу будешь?– Можно.Упражнение 5. СкукаОдолевая скуку, опишите, как провели день. Просклоняйте по временам. Например: с утра сидел, тупил в экран, с утра сижу, туплю в экран, так до вечера и просижу.Урок 6. ПадежЗвательный падеж отменили: некого звать. Осталось шесть: именительный, родительный, дательный, винительный, творительный, предложный. Чтобы запомнить, возьмите слова на те же буквы: Иисуса распяли, дали вина, толпа пьяна.Диалог 6. Преступники– Ты доиграешься, посадят.– Кого?– Ты зачем это сделал?– Чт…

Грустный русский для начинающих, Евгений БабушкинУрок 1. ЗвукиГлавная наша буква – Ы. Звук у неё – будто ударили спящего. Уведите язык в гортань, растяните губы, очистите сердце, чтобы просто пусто бегало по кругу. Попробуйте: ы-ы-ы.Диалог 1. Мытари– Как вы, мытари?– Вырвали зубы, промыли раны, смотрим больные сны.– Молодцы!Упражнение 1. ПечальПовторяйте с печалью:быть ныть быть нытьбыть ныть быть нытьУрок 2. УдарениеСначала нас бьют родители, потом мы детей, потом нас дети. Для облегчения души мы бьём слова. Все они у нас в следах от ударов.Диалог 2. Мстители– На, тварь.– Получай, сука.– Ты просто вымещаешь на мне все эти штуки из детства.– Да.Упражнение 2. СтыдС лёгким стыдом откройте сло…

Через полчаса буду вещать на радио "Маяк" о планетах, звездах и их названиях. Совершенно не понимаю, выживу ли без кнопки "отредактировать" и за что вам это всё.

Вспоминается чья-то шутка «я вижу в зеркале красивую девушку, а общество видит во мне преподавателя». Или не шутка.

Открытка @bookninja — эмодзи для романов. Присутствуют двойники, дорогой читатель, розовеперстая (Эос?) и ворон. Потому что нельзя англоязычной литературе без ворона.

Как связаны Иисус, фокус-покус и айфоны, откуда Нолан взял ключевое слово «Довода» и как сочинить действенное заклинание? Лингвист Оксана Калмыкова — о логике магических языков от древних манускриптов до современного фэнтези.https://knife.media/language-of-magic/

Как связаны Иисус, фокус-покус и айфоны, откуда Нолан взял ключевое слово «Довода» и как сочинить действенное заклинание? Лингвист Оксана Калмыкова — о логике магических языков от древних манускриптов до современного фэнтези. https://knife.media/language-of-magic/

В комментариях справедливо уточнили, что речь не о шотландском гэльском, а о германском варианте (scots), который больше похож на английский, но явно не до степени смешения.

В комментариях справедливо уточнили, что речь не о шотландском гэльском, а о германском варианте (scots), который больше похож на английский, но явно не до степени смешения.

Пользователь Реддита выяснил, что почти все статьи Википедии, написанные на шотландском — языковая бессмыслица. Один и тот же человек на протяжении многих лет «переводил» английские статьи на шотландский, пользуясь единственным онлайн-словарем. Если слово не находилось, то его просто оставляли на английском. Самое веселое, что редактировал все это американец, в принципе не владеющий языком. В результате, шотландская Википедия выглядит так, как если бы Дэвид Теннант читал вслух ее английскую версию.

всем спасибо 💕

Почему мАркетинг в русском превращается в маркЕтинг? Хорошая статья об ударениях в заимствованных словах:«Тот факт, что ударение на двух последних слогах наиболее типично для русского языка, способствует наиболее легкому вхождению в русский язык слов, заимствованных из тюркских, французского и польского языков, и наиболее частому сохранению в них ударения языка-источника. Слова, заимствованные из германских, балтийских, угро-финских языков, дольше воспринимаются как заимствованные, а в процессе освоения русским языком нередко испытывают колебания в ударении, в результате которых либо побеждает ударение языка-источника, либо устанавливается ударение по русским моделям».http://gramota.ru/clas…

https://vc.ru/special/hh —самые раздражающие штампы из резюме

https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4652981

https://mobile.twitter.com/jk99kj/status/1351187575151751170

Барабанщики в столовых СССР всегда питались отдельно от остального ансамбля.

Житель Пензы назвал новорожденного сына Маркетингом.«Если будет дочка, то только Конверсия», — сообщил молодой отец в соцсетях.@tv360ru

https://mobile.twitter.com/Nebazanas/status/1350411435747254273

https://mobile.twitter.com/kasablanka_03/status/1347572322446823424

https://mobile.twitter.com/sh_fitzwalter/status/1349776762864066561

прислал большой друг ЛШ, автор новостного/лайфстайл-канала @newspeaks twitter.com/valerypopoff/status/1348008867859464192

​​ВЛАДИМИР УЛЬЯНОВ — ПРОДОЛЖАТЕЛЬ ДРЕВНЕРУССКОЙ ПИСЦОВОЙ ТРАДИЦИИТем, кто вырос в Советском Союзе, знакома история о том, как В. И. Ленин ел чернильницы. Она вызвала много иронических переложений, хотя рассказ М. М. Зощенко «Иногда можно кушать чернильницы» основывался на воспоминаниях Н. К. Крупской. Но, если разобраться, корни этого сюжета гораздо глубже.Откроем книгу Любови Викторовны Столяровой «Свод записей писцов … русских пергаменных кодексов XI—XIV вв.» (М., 2000). Здесь мы обнаружим множество подтверждений того, что практика кушания писчих принадлежностей была распространена задолго до изобретательного пролетарского вождя.Вот, например, какие приписки писцов обнаруживаются на полях…

ТРЕТЬЯ НЕ ЛИШНЯЯДовелось тут прочитать размышления одного человека на тему «странной» статистики смертности от коронавируса в Москве. (Дело было несколько дней назад; может, сейчас она уже перестала быть «странной», сути это в любом случае не меняет.)Претензии мыслителя, к которому как нельзя лучше подходит определение «широко известный в узких кругах», вызвал вот какой факт: с момента начала второй волны число-де умерших каждый день находится в пределах от 71 до 77, при этом за все время нет ни одной пары соседних дней, когда бы цифры совпадали.Мыслитель многозначительно сообщил общественности, что вероятность такого совпадения составляет менее 1 процента, — и благодарная общественность по…

ЭТИМОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОЧИЩЕНИЕКатарсис как эстетическая категория предполагает, что феномен прекрасного освобождает нас от ужаса и печали, которые искусство описывает.Что-то похожее происходит и в этимологии — когда стройность и красота версии происхождения слова примиряет нас с обозначенной действительностью.Вот, к примеру, малосимпатичное физиологическое явление — испускание газов из кишечника.В славянских языках этот процесс в его бесшумном или тихом варианте обозначается глаголом, восходящим к праславянскому pьzděti, откуда русское «бздеть», а тот же, но звучный процесс назван идентичным по структуре глаголом с заменой всего одного звука — pьrděti.Оба глагола звукоподражательные — оцените ярк…

МАГИЯ ТЕРМИНАК сожалению, не все филологи знают, что термины, которые они неизвестно зачем учили или всё еще учат, не полностью бесполезны: в новогоднюю ночь, по крайней мере, некоторые из них приобретают магическую силу и могут быть использованы как заклинания.Вот что нужно делать.Найдите ручку, которой записывали свою первую лекцию. Обмакните ее в баночку со слезами, пролитыми во время сессии (если своя у вас не сохранилась, попросите на время у тех, кто сейчас учится). Встаньте перед портретом Льва Владимировича Щербы, направьте ручку на портрет, строго посмотрите на Щербу и громко и твердо произнесите:а) «Эль эпенте́тикум!»(если хотите большей мягкости в отношениях);б) «Сингуля́рия та́нтум…

ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОТНОШЕНИЕ К СЛОВАМВ ходе одного исследования носителей английского языка попросили оценить по десятибалльной шкале эмоции, которые вызывает у них то или иное слово. Всего было проанализировано 10 000 наиболее употребительных английских слов. Рейтинги, выставленные участниками, были обобщены, после чего слова были выстроены по рангу — таким образом, чтобы первую позицию занимало наиболее положительно оцениваемое слово, а последнюю позицию — слово, вызывающее самые сильные негативные чувства.Ниже несколько выдержек из этого рейтинга, без всяких выводов.10 слов с лучшим рейтингом:laughter, happiness, love, happy, excellent, joy, successful, win, rainbow, smile10 слов с худшим рей…

РЫЦАРЬ ПОДШТАННИКОВНаброски будущей поп-оперы о человеке, которым завладела необычная страсть.1. ВступлениеЖил на свете рыцарь бедный,Молчаливый и простой,С виду сумрачный и бледный,Духом смелый и прямой.Он имел одно виденье,Непостижное уму,И глубоко впечатленьеВ сердце врезалось ему.2. Ария героя, раскрывающая предмет его одержимостиСиние трусыВспоминаю — умираюСиние трусыЯ только о таких мечтаюСиние трусыСамые прекрасныеСиние трусыСиние трусыСиние трусы3. Героем овладевает роковая зависть к владельцу заветных трусовНа нем трусы светлей лазури,Над ним луч солнца золотой...А он, мятежный, просит бури,Как будто в бурях есть покой!4. Герой заполучает трусы, но грустит, предчувствуя скорую раз…

ПОЛИТКОРРЕКТНОСТЬЗабавный случай из практики. Некий зарубежный лектор на протяжении нескольких лет читал один университетский курс. Все это время он использовал на занятиях, среди прочего, следующий языковой пример:Him pass the Introduction to Linguistics exam?! — Ludicrous.('Чтобы он сдал экзамен по Введению в языкознание?! — Смешно.')В этом году лектор, вероятно под воздействием идей борьбы за всеобщее гендерное равенство, внес в любимый пример изменения:Her pass the Introduction to Linguistics exam?! — Ludicrous.('Чтобы она сдала экзамен по Введению в языкознание?! — Смешно.')Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

УСТОЙЧИВЫЙ НЕГАТИВНЫЙ РОСТЕсли вы думаете, что этот бред — изобретение российских чиновников, то нет. Ниже дивная подборка формулировок из научных статей, авторы которых пытаются выдать свои незначительные результаты за что-то большее.a certain trend toward significance (p=0.08)almost achieved significance (p=0.065)approached but fell short of significance (p=0.07)as good as significant (p=0.0502)at the brink of significance (p=0.06)barely escaped statistical significance (p=0.07)bordered on a statistically significant value (p=0.06)close to the limit of significance (p=0.17)did not quite achieve acceptable levels of statistical significance (p=0.054)direction heading towards significance (…

ПОЖИЛАЯ ЖЕНЩИНАОдно из первых известных стихотворений Е. А. Баратынского — мадригал, написанный в 1818 г.:Взгляните: свежестью младойИ в осень лет она пленяет,И у нее летун седойЛанитных роз не похищает;Сам побежденный красотой,Глядит — и путь не продолжает!Стихотворение было посвящено тете Баратынского М. А. Панчулидзевой и называлось «Мадригал пожилой женщине и всё еще прекрасной».В момент написания стихов тете поэта было 37 лет.Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

ПОТОЛОЧНЫЕ ПОРОСЯТАНу что ж, пришло время почитать по-чешски.Вот предложение из переведенного на чешский романа «Двенадцать стульев»: Po stropě se honila prasátka.Strop — потолок (ср. «стропила»).Honiti se — гоняться, носиться, мчаться.Prasátka — поросята.Итак, «по потолку носились поросята».Ильф и Петров, конечно, юмористы, но не до такой же степени. В оригинале так: «Солнце каталось в ситечке, как яйцо. По потолку сигали зайчики».В отличие от украинского, белорусского, болгарского, сербского, польского, где нашим «солнечным зайчикам» соответствуют тоже «заячьи» слова, чешский человек решил, что мечущиеся пятна отраженного солнечного света похожи на резвящихся поросят. (В словацко-русском …

ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СООТВЕТСТВИЯКогда собирают — это сбор.Когда напирают — это напор.Когда взирают — это взор.Когда вымирают — это вымор.Когда леса и поля простираются — это простор.Когда задираешь, чувствуешь задор.А тут сантехник приходил и говорит: у вас, говорит, засор.И вот почему, интересно?Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

ГДЕ ВЗЯТЬ РЕБЕНКАОткуда берутся дети? Что об этом народ говорит?Вот что говорит народ (приводим записи из материалов этнолингвистических экспедиций в Полесье 1974—1986 гг., обобщенные Л. Н. Виноградовой).Народ говорит то же, что и все:«Бусел аист прынис и вкынуў».Но иногда с уточнениями:«Дитэй знаходяць ў капусти, а ў капусту их прыносить зайчык».Впрочем, младенец обнаруживается не только в капусте:«Картопли я копала, а вона сидить, вылупила вочы»; «Из кала́чыкаў из кукурузы ты выскочыў, я паймала».Порой он вопит вообще в каких-то сорняках:«Баба Арина чуе — на поле ў крапиви крычало».Еще дети растут на деревьях:«Струсылы тебя з груши»; «Дитэй знаходять на груши, або на вэрби».Мокнут в трясин…

И ВТОРЫЕ СТАНУТ ПЕРВЫМИУ слова «жажда» в современном литературном языке два значения: прямое — ‘желание пить’ — и переносное, метафорическое — ‘страстное желание’. В древнерусском языке обнаруживаем, однако, устойчивое сочетание — «жажа водная», «жажда водная». Это, наряду с индоевропейскими соответствиями, позволяет предположить, что исходным значением было как раз нынешнее второе (‘страстное желание’), но затем значение, возникшее в результате сужающей конкретизации (желать воды), оттеснило более широкое на второй план.Примерно такая же «водная» трансформация произошла со словом «стекаться». Сейчас первым значением является ‘соединиться (о потоках текущей жидкости)’, а вторым, переносным …

​​ГВОЗДЬ НЕ ГВОЗДЬМногие наверняка помнят душераздирающее стихотворение про гвоздь и подкову. И толкуют его, скорее всего, в том смысле, что вот, блин, если бы не дурацкий гвоздь, то и лошадь бы не захромала, и командир бы уцелел, и конница бы не побежала, и армия бы не была разбита, и врагу ни пяди не отдали бы родной хаты.Мы решили это проверить. Последовательность событий, изложенная в стихотворении, представляет собой цепочку условных вероятностей, поэтому может быть легко смоделирована простой байесовской сетью. События и распределение априорных вероятностей представлены ниже на снимке (индекс 0 обозначает истинность описанного события (гвоздя не было), индекс 1 — ложность (гвоздь где-…

Срочно ворвусь в ваши ленты с неожиданным открытием. Знаете, как будет по-польски (в разговорном языке) пластиковая штуковина, на которой дети съезжают со снежной горки, так называемый "поджопник"? DUPOLOT это будет! Дуполёт. "Жополёт", если дословно. #popolsku_słówka

Никто не пользуется абстрактным символом валюты (¤), и вот рекламщики в Microsoft нашли ему новое применение — он похож на руль бронированной двери сейфа

Эмодзипедия сообщает об очередном всплеске написания слова «импичмент» через эмодзи — IM🍑MENT.Во-первых, это красиво. Эмодзи персика (🍑) часто используется как эуфемизм ягодиц, для которых отдельного эмодзи нет (само слово «ягодицы», кстати, тоже когда-то было эуфемизмом).Во-вторых, слово impeachment не выглядит очевидным — какой у него корень? почему оно такое? Даже носителям непонятно. Наверняка большинство людей не видит в нём ничего кроме «воперсиковления». Ну и почему бы тогда не использовать символ персика в корне слова?Слово impeachment пришло в английский из французского, сильно изменившись по пути. А так оно восходит к латинскому impedicare — «заключать в кандалы» (мы видим в нём к…

Семь лет назад почти писал о литовском названии Грузии — Gruzija: http://www.slovomania.ru/dnevnik/2011/06/29/call-us-georgia. Но теперь сообщают, что литовцы передумали, и собираются принять новое название. И это будет не Джорджия и не Георгия, а… ну, пока…

Новости феминитивов в китайском: https://twitter.com/makseest_ru/status/1347194301940330496?s=21Извините, если слишком сложно.

Станция метро «Площадь Ленина» в Петербурге в проекте (в 1940 году) носила название «Финляндский Вокзал». Потому что она расположена как раз у Финляндского вокзала. Площадь Ленина — один из самых скучных топонимов в СССР. Потому что площадь с таким названием…

Станция метро «Площадь Ленина» в Петербурге в проекте (в 1940 году) носила название «Финляндский Вокзал». Потому что она расположена как раз у Финляндского вокзала.Площадь Ленина — один из самых скучных топонимов в СССР. Потому что площадь с таким названием была чуть ли не в каждом городе. Интересно, что после независимости во многих республиках эти площади переименовали довольно однотипно в площади Свободы, Независимости или Республики (а в Минске успели даже вернуться от Независимости обратно к Ленину). И вообще, «имени Ленина» не значило почти ничего, сейчас это смело можно убрать (писал про станцию «Библиотека имени Ленина»).Я понимаю, что площадь Ленина в Петербурге — одно из тех редки…

Н. Н. Миклухо-Маклай в своих дневниках пишет, что на языке папуасов (язык бонгу) «хорошо» будет «ауе».Впрочем, позже выяснилось, что это недоразумение, а слово означает скорее «приготовленный», потому что Маклай выяснял «хорошо-плохо» при помощи разных на вкус вещей:К тому же у диких племен вообще есть обыкновение повторять ваши слова. Вы говорите, указывая на хороший предмет: «Казь»; туземец вторит вам: «Казь», и вы думаете, что он понял вас, а папуасы думают, что вы говорите на своем языке, и стараются запомнить, что вы такую-то вещь называете «казь». Узнанное теперь, кажется, окончательно настоящее значение слова «хорошо» – «aye» – я приобрел окольными путями, на что употребил ровно 10 д…

Немецкий фонетический алфавит и наследие нацизма в нём: https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-55154143Заодно напомню про русский фонетический алфавит, который все знают: Аз, Буки, Веди.

Slovomania pinned «А вот ещё об изменённых топонимах: «И в настоящее время он в здешних морях затмил колоссальными цифрами своих торговых оборотов Гонконг, Кантон, Сидней и занял первое место после Калькутты, или Калькатты, как ее называют англичане». И. А. Гончаров «Фрегат…»

А вот ещё об изменённых топонимах:«И в настоящее время он в здешних морях затмил колоссальными цифрами своих торговых оборотов Гонконг, Кантон, Сидней и занял первое место после Калькутты, или Калькатты, как ее называют англичане». И. А. Гончаров «Фрегат „Паллада“» 1853То есть, англичане даже тогда, в XIX веке, называли этот город Калката (Calcutta). А «Калькутта» — это уже испорченный телефон, основанный на английском написании, не произношении.Сейчас официально пишется Kolkata.

Топонимика: австрийская деревня, известная на весь мир своим названием Fucking, всё же переименуется в Fugging с начала следующего года.Интересно, что в Австрии уже есть населённый пункт Fugging, который раньше назывался Fucking. Его переименовали ещё в XIX веке, предположительно потому что он был ближе к столице.

На Медузе опять Ухань в женском роде: https://meduza.io/feature/2020/11/24/u-nas-povsyudu-tolpy

Кто бывал в аэропорту Шереметьево, тот хорошо знает, как любит Аэрофлот уточнять, что он «Аэрофлот — Российские авиалинии». А этим летом статью «Аэрофлот» в википедии решили разделить на две: теперь та, что про советскую авиакомпанию, называется Аэрофлот…

Кто бывал в аэропорту Шереметьево, тот хорошо знает, как любит Аэрофлот уточнять, что он «Аэрофлот — Российские авиалинии». А этим летом статью «Аэрофлот» в википедии решили разделить на две: теперь та, что про советскую авиакомпанию, называется Аэрофлот, а про нынешнюю называется Аэрофлот — Российские авиалинии. Поделом, я считаю.

Мы знаем Австралию под её нынешним именем, но в 18—19 веках выпускались карты, на которых Австралию называли Улимароа. Это слово имеет извилистую историю.Сообщается, что оно происходит из языка маори и значит «большая красная земля», что невозможно: «красная» на маори будет «кура», а «земля» — фенуа. Скорее всего источником были слова «длинная рука», римароа. Маорийский «р» похож на японский (и русский, если его не тянуть), но совершенно не похож на датские и английские произношения «р», поэтому первые путешественники его частенько записывали буквой L. Со стороны новозеландских берегов побережье крупнейшего острова Новой Каледонии действительно выглядит как длинная рука, а Австралия видимо …

The Guardian попросила описать 2020 год одним словом и по результатам сделала инфографику

Близкий к английскому, но отдельный от него язык скотс в процессе развития получил несколько фонетических инноваций. К примеру, звук «л» в конце слогов с гласными «а» и «у» превратился в гласный (то, есть, английские wall и full читаются там уаа и фуу). Звуки «в» и «ф» в положении между гласными исчезли (слову devil соответствует deil, а слову over — oer). Звук θ в конце слов вообще исчез, и английскому with в скотсе соответствует wi.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYwcjJ7EapsПри этом нужно помнить, что скотс не развился из английского, у них только общий предок, и эти соответствия не означают, что английские слова не развивались с тех пор! Они развивались и ещё как, к примеру, там колоссал…

https://i.imgur.com/nc51lzZ.png

Всем, кто изучает русский как иностранный, известно, что там совершенно безумные глаголы движения. Как правильно: «ты ходила в магазин?», «ты сходила в магазин?», «ты пошла в магазин?» или «ты шла в магазин?» В японском языке у глаголов движения тоже есть занятные особенности: они делятся на «идти от ментального якоря» или «идти к ментальному якорю». Смысл фразы «мы приехали в Индию» можно выразить двумя способами:

1. インドに行った индо ни итта — если мы сейчас не в Индии

2. インドに来た индо ни кита — если мы сейчас там Из глагола 来る куру («приезжать, возвращаться») и места назначения можно также делать существительные:

来日 райнити — приехать в Японию

Слово «райнити» мож…

https://i.imgur.com/nc51lzZ.pngВсем, кто изучает русский как иностранный, известно, что там совершенно безумные глаголы движения. Как правильно: «ты ходила в магазин?», «ты сходила в магазин?», «ты пошла в магазин?» или «ты шла в магазин?» В японском языке у глаголов движения тоже есть занятные особенности: они делятся на «идти от ментального якоря» или «идти к ментальному якорю». Смысл фразы «мы приехали в Индию» можно выразить двумя способами:1. インドに行った индо ни итта — если мы сейчас не в Индии2. インドに来た индо ни кита — если мы сейчас тамИз глагола 来る куру («приезжать, возвращаться») и места назначения можно также делать существительные:来日 райнити — приехать в ЯпониюСлово «райнити» может исп…

Друзья, тут книжка хорошая собирается появиться на свет: "Сарматия" Марии Мартысевич, да еще и в виде русско-белорусской билингвы. Вот что пишет переводчик этой поэмы, Геннадий Каневский:"Это уже четвертая (альтернативно-)историческая поэма Марыйки - и вот все четыре будут под одной обложкой, да еще в виде билингвы - спасибо книжной серии InВерсия екатеринбургского издательства "Кабинетный ученый".До "Сарматии" были "Зоя и конец света", "Дневник Барбары Радзивилл", "Дипмиссия (Амбассада)". Это поэмы особого рода. Марыйка пишет исторические мокьюментари, если можно так выразиться. И одновременно - стихотворные тексты магического реализма, к тому же - не без влияния польско-литовской барочной…

С одной стороны, тут серьезный День Учителя, а с другой - несерьёзный такой мем прислали, ну как вам не показать

"Над переводом «Ста стихотворений о водке и сигаретах» Мартина Светлицкого я работал в краковских рюмочных. Берясь за перевод стихотворения Богдана Задуры, где поэт описывает свой инфаркт, я симулировал сердечный приступ. Переводя «Измену» Зузанны Гинчанки, воображал себя женщиной" -https://culture.pl/ru/article/trudnosti-perevoda-kak-ya-perevodil-polskuyu-poeziyu-i-uchilsya-iskusstvu-byt-drugim

"Перевод, тем более современной, не канонизированной словесности — занятие странное, парадоксальное. Переводчик одержим тем, чего в его собственной литературе (а формируется и живет он ею, пластами ее истории и энергией минуты, словесной оптикой и речевой ухваткой, музыкой и смыслом материнского языка) нет, но что он, переводчик, тем не менее как-то предощущает и к чему со счастливой тоской тянется. Каким способом он может чувствовать то, чего вроде бы нет, какими средствами надеется это в своей родной литературе создать и передать тоже пока еще не сложившемуся, незримому читателю, — непонятно. Могут сказать, что на этой невидимой черте, на рубеже незнакомого и незаменимого, на грани между …

Столько лет жила и не знала, что у оленей бывает примерно четырехнедельный период в году, который называется... Собственно, потому, наверное, и не знала, что по-русски толком он никак не называется. То "гон", то "рёв". Из второго еще хоть как-то понятно, о чем речь, а из первого для обывателя ничего не ясно. А по-польски есть отличное слово "rykowisko" (ryk - рёв). К тому же, рифмуется со словом "widowisko" - "зрелище". Ну, теперь вы тоже знаете. И это rykowisko начинается как раз в эти дни. Говорят, очень захватывающее это явление, и много где в Польше можно на него посмотреть. У Лины Старостиной есть стихи как раз про rykowisko. * * * озёра дремлют в сытости туманной

лес изморозью выстеле…

Столько лет жила и не знала, что у оленей бывает примерно четырехнедельный период в году, который называется... Собственно, потому, наверное, и не знала, что по-русски толком он никак не называется. То "гон", то "рёв". Из второго еще хоть как-то понятно, о чем речь, а из первого для обывателя ничего не ясно. А по-польски есть отличное слово "rykowisko" (ryk - рёв). К тому же, рифмуется со словом "widowisko" - "зрелище". Ну, теперь вы тоже знаете. И это rykowisko начинается как раз в эти дни. Говорят, очень захватывающее это явление, и много где в Польше можно на него посмотреть.У Лины Старостиной есть стихи как раз про rykowisko.* * *озёра дремлют в сытости туманнойлес изморозью выстелензем…

Всем привет! Как некоторые из вас знают, в рабочее от свободы время я уже года 3 преподаю польский язык (русский как иностранный тоже, но всё меньше). С середины сентября готова взять еще несколько учеников. Я создала авторский курс из нескольких занятий по постановке прозношения (отзывы о курсе - в скриншотах по ссылке ниже), но и обычные, назовём их так, занятия, в том числе и с нуля, тоже предлагаю. Заниматься можно онлайн в любом удобном мессенджере с видеосвязью - FB, WhatsApp, Zoom. Мне очень интересны увлеченные и целеустремленные ученики, потому как и я тогда работаю веселее и продуктивнее 😊 Репост и рекомендации всячески приветствуются. А в качестве бонуса по ссылке на ютюб - перво…

Всем привет! Как некоторые из вас знают, в рабочее от свободы время я уже года 3 преподаю польский язык (русский как иностранный тоже, но всё меньше). С середины сентября готова взять еще несколько учеников. Я создала авторский курс из нескольких занятий по постановке прозношения (отзывы о курсе - в скриншотах по ссылке ниже), но и обычные, назовём их так, занятия, в том числе и с нуля, тоже предлагаю. Заниматься можно онлайн в любом удобном мессенджере с видеосвязью - FB, WhatsApp, Zoom. Мне очень интересны увлеченные и целеустремленные ученики, потому как и я тогда работаю веселее и продуктивнее 😊 Репост и рекомендации всячески приветствуются. А в качестве бонуса по ссылке на ютюб - перво…

Хотела вечерок попереводить не отрываясь, но тут увидела у Вики в канале "Много свиста от лингвиста" перепост лингвистического сонника из "Глазария языка", ну там, например: • Если вам приснился суффикс, ждите визита неприятного человека.

• Видеть во сне приставку означает пополнение в семье.

• Если женщина во сне увидела имперфект, значит скоро ее возлюбленный надоест ей.

• Если приснился Зализняк — встреча со стариком в казенном доме.

• Интонационная конструкция №4 — скандал в семье.

• Если вам приснилась фонема , будет спор со столичными жителями, затем совместная безобразная пьянка вплоть до потери человеческого облика.

• Видеть во сне страдательный залог — наступают трудные времена, во…

Хотела вечерок попереводить не отрываясь, но тут увидела у Вики в канале "Много свиста от лингвиста" перепост лингвистического сонника из "Глазария языка", ну там, например:• Если вам приснился суффикс, ждите визита неприятного человека.• Видеть во сне приставку означает пополнение в семье.• Если женщина во сне увидела имперфект, значит скоро ее возлюбленный надоест ей.• Если приснился Зализняк — встреча со стариком в казенном доме.• Интонационная конструкция №4 — скандал в семье.• Если вам приснилась фонема <ы>, будет спор со столичными жителями, затем совместная безобразная пьянка вплоть до потери человеческого облика.• Видеть во сне страдательный залог — наступают трудные времена, возмож…

((в день русского языка - о языках других; совпадение тем случайно!))Если думать о языках как о людях, то вот что получается.На французский я смотрю как на симпатичного молодого человека (да, однозначно, это мальчик), с которым будто бы флиртую - не потому, что французский принято считать языком всяческих амуров, просто так получается. "Будешь, чертяга, моим", - говорю ему, и постоянно хочу понравиться своей речью (в разговорах с своей француженкой, например, на уроках раз в неделю; но понравиться хочу не учительнице, а самому языку, используя какие-нибудь красивые обороты; язык для языка, красота - для языка, подарок с волнением - придётся ли по вкусу?), так что мы с французским определенн…

((в день русского языка - о языках других; совпадение тем случайно!)) Если думать о языках как о людях, то вот что получается. На французский я смотрю как на симпатичного молодого человека (да, однозначно, это мальчик), с которым будто бы флиртую - не потому, что французский принято считать языком всяческих амуров, просто так получается. "Будешь, чертяга, моим", - говорю ему, и постоянно хочу понравиться своей речью (в разговорах с своей француженкой, например, на уроках раз в неделю; но понравиться хочу не учительнице, а самому языку, используя какие-нибудь красивые обороты; язык для языка, красота - для языка, подарок с волнением - придётся ли по вкусу?), так что мы с французским определе…

Подборка из архива журнала "Практики и интерпретации" - ко Дню филолога: Сергей Зенкин о проблемах перевода (а еще - о “французских пробелах” в русской культуре, “эффекте Барта“ и воротничке кардигана): http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/38 Георгий Хазагеров о риторике, грядущей "эре метонимии" и необходимости "быстрого недопонимания": http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/19 Евгений Яблоков о параллельных мотивах, антидвойниках у Булгакова, протеичности героев Платонова и истоках «общества постправды». http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/75 Борис Гаспаров о "шуме времени", своей музыкальной биографии, терапевтической силе незнакомого языка,…

Подборка из архива журнала "Практики и интерпретации" - ко Дню филолога:Сергей Зенкин о проблемах перевода (а еще - о “французских пробелах” в русской культуре, “эффекте Барта“ и воротничке кардигана): http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/38Георгий Хазагеров о риторике, грядущей "эре метонимии" и необходимости "быстрого недопонимания": http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/19Евгений Яблоков о параллельных мотивах, антидвойниках у Булгакова, протеичности героев Платонова и истоках «общества постправды». http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/75Борис Гаспаров о "шуме времени", своей музыкальной биографии, терапевтической силе незнакомого языка, вос…

Пока есть канал "Много свиста от лингвиста", а в нём - ссылки на всякое интересное языковое, любой карантин может себе спокойно длиться, я считаю.

Довольно часто я говорю сама себе: упрощай, не городи, бритва Оккама не просто так существует, хватит придумывать варианты и нагромождать мысли. Про это "упрощай" у меня есть история: как-то раз я выгуливала сербскую туристку, мы зашли в кафе, и мне зачем-то понадобилось слово "брусника".

Вообще не помнила, как оно переводится. Я начала рассказывать, мол, это красная ягода, растет на болоте, кислая, из нее делают варенье... Милица меня не понимала. В конце я сдалась и такая: "блять, ну брусника!

И Милица такая: "аааа! Брусница!"

Довольно часто я говорю сама себе: упрощай, не городи, бритва Оккама не просто так существует, хватит придумывать варианты и нагромождать мысли. Про это "упрощай" у меня есть история: как-то раз я выгуливала сербскую туристку, мы зашли в кафе, и мне зачем-то понадобилось слово "брусника".Вообще не помнила, как оно переводится. Я начала рассказывать, мол, это красная ягода, растет на болоте, кислая, из нее делают варенье... Милица меня не понимала. В конце я сдалась и такая: "блять, ну брусника!И Милица такая: "аааа! Брусница!"