Начнем с начала.

«В начале сотворил Бог небо и землю».

Как вы думаете, на каком языке это предложение представлено выше?

Шломо Изреэль о мифах, существующих вокруг иврита, его связи с идишем и о том, как дети учат ивриту своих родителей

Как и большинство произведений древнегреческой литературы, «Рес» и «Прометей прикованный» дошли до нас в благодаря тому, что их копии сохранили византийцы.

Аргументы скептиков сводились к тому, что в остальных пьесах Эсхил демонстрирует почтение к Зевсу, а в «Прометее» тот выступает как жестокий тиран и самодур.

При этом в «Троянках» 7398 слов, а в «Ресе» — 5628.

В пару объединяются сначала тексты А и В, расстояния между которыми наименьшие.

«Рес» выделен синим цветом, «Прометей прикованный» красным ПоделитьсяЗдесь кажется, что подозрения скептиков имеют под собой основания: и «Рес», и «Прометей прикованный» выбиваются из рядов других текстов.

Чтобы правильно интерпретировать научный текст без изменения его смысла, нужно знать язык на высокопрофессиональном уровне.

Поэтому к переводу текстов, посвященных различными сферами науки, необходимо привлекать людей, имеющих смежную квалификацию в определенном направлении.

Они знают, как правильно оформлять квалификационные научные работы переводят стандартные сокращения, не допускают отклонения от формулировок либо определенного применения терминологии.

Услуга поможет, чтобы:Опубликоваться в сборнике материалов международной конференцииОпубликоваться в журнале, индексируемом в WoS (SCI, SCIE, SSCI, A&HCI, ESCI)Опубликоваться в журнале ВАК или индексируемом в RSCIОпубликоваться в журнале,…

Среди всех языков мира самым популярным и широко распространённым является английский — именно по этой причине желающих записаться на языковые курсы по этому языку больше всего.

Но чтобы изучить английский, вовсе не обязательно тратиться на дорогие языковые школы и репетиторов — иногда достаточно обзавестись парой хороших обучающих книг.

Регулярные практики аудирования и устной речиСамым эффективным в изучении английского языка можно назвать комплексный подход, сочетающий в себе теорию и практику в правильных сбалансированных пропорциях.

Можно использовать для этого как англоязычные не дублированные фильмы и музыку, так и специальные обучающие материалы.

Устную речь можно оттачивать не толь…

Чтобы найти аналогичные формы, цвета и композиционные решения на картинах разных эпох, команда использовала новый подход, который объединяет близкие изображения в древовидную структуру.

Для поиска близкого соответствия алгоритм начинает со «ствола» дерева и следует по наиболее многообещающей «ветви», пока не найдет большее количество совпадений.

Сокровищница написанных картин велика, и связь между произведениями искусства из разных периодов времени и пространства часто упускается из виду.

Например, в ответ на запрос «на какой музыкальный инструмент похоже это сине-белое платье с картины», алгоритм получает изображение бело-голубой фарфоровой скрипки.

Эти работы не только похожи по цвету и ф…

Стрелка вокруг слоя внимания, ведущая к нормализации, называется residual connection, она есть в каждом слое энкодера и декодера.

Нормализация появляется после каждого «внимания» и каждой нейросети с прямой связью и в энкодере, и в декодере.

Слои внимания энкодера были вниманием «на себя»: и запрос, и ключи, и значения они брали у самих себя из прошлого, то есть с прошлых слоев.

Это обеспечивает отсутствие у них веса внимания, а значит, модель «смотрит» только на работу энкодера и на предыдущий результат декодера.

Теперь можно декодировать слова до тех пор, пока входная матрица декодера не заполнится до конца и не сгенерируется сигнал остановки.

Знаете, нам часто кажется, что у людей нет работы, потому что они недостаточно образованы.

Да, в штатах не все гладко с политической ситуацией, но людям нужна работа, и они едут.

Партнер был из AI-индустрии, а я из социального сектора.

Как беженцу начать работать с TaQadam, и что конкретно он будет делатьЯ работаю напрямую с некоммерческими социальными организациями из Ливана.

Поэтому сначала разметают по два-три часа в день и в плюс к основной работе зарабатывают двести или триста долларов в месяц.

О двух подходах хранения Big Data и их последующей обработки мы и поговорим.

По затратам средств метод Data Lake обходится намного дешевле, чем хранение данных в Data Warehouse.

ETL и ELT — в чем разница?

ETL использует промежуточный сервер для преобразования данных и только потом загружает их в хранилище Data Warehouse.

ELT работает с большими объемами данных и сразу грузит их в Базу данных, их преобразование происходит уже в целевой системе.

Именно благодаря геопривязке можно увидеть некоторые пространственные портреты города ― в «мирное» время, и в экстремальной ситуации.

Исследователь должен объяснить, зачем он здесь, зачем это нужно и что это даст сообществу.

«То, что мы делаем в виртуальном пространстве, очень сильно связано с тем, что с нами происходит офлайн, ― говорит он.

У него одни и те же функции, и не важно, где вы находитесь ― в Индии, в Тринидаде, в Южной Африке.

Важно еще понять, что за этим стоит, что мы можем сказать о городе по этим цифровым следам.

Исследователи использовали понятия из социальной психологии (коллаборация, эгоизм, альтруизм) и теории игр, чтобы смоделировать разные дорожные сценарии и модели поведения на дороге с участием реальных водителей.

Затем они создали алгоритм автопилота, который предсказывал поведение других автомобилей, основываясь на полученных данных.

Все для того, чтобы снизить вероятность смертельных аварий и лучше понимать, когда уместно проявлять разные типы поведения.

В тестах автопилот на 25% точнее предсказывал поведение людей.

Например, при моделировании левого поворота автомобиль ждал, если за рулeм приближающегося транспорта находился «эгоистичный» водитель, или делал поворот, если рядом был толер…

Первые обсуждают, существует ли сознание в принципе и если да, то что это за субстанция такая.

Так что отсутствие внешних реакций не означает потерю сознания, не приведет к этому и сенсорная депривация.

Это сложная система, в которой находится около 69 миллиардов нейронов: это в несколько раз больше, чем во всех других частях мозга вместе взятых.

Значит ли это, что вся кора хранит в себе это мистическое сознание?

Пока это не привело к появлению машины с сознанием, но с течением времени и такое возможно.

На этом этапе происходит разделение текста на более мелкие единицы — на предложения и слова.

При переводе слова в векторное пространство нужно учитывать, что стол, столу и столом — это одно слово в разных падежных формах, а не 3 уникальных лексемы.

Решение — Byte Pair EncodingПервый настоящий прорыв в этом направлении был сделан исследователями из Эдинбургского университета.

Пример кодировкиДля задач NLP алгоритм BPE был немного изменен: часто встречающиеся группы символов не заменяются на другой символ, а объединяются в токен и добавляются в словарь.

Продолжением работы в этом направлении стал токенизатор SentencePiece, который, помимо BPE, использует алгоритм Unigram Language Model.

Поэтому IDF слова растет, если в корпусе слово встречается «концентрированно», в небольшом числе текстов.

В корпусе текстов про летний отдых редко упоминаются яблоки (в 5 текстах из 250), в основном речь про бадминтон и серфинг.

В корпусе про фрукты яблоки встречаются часто: в 200 текстах из 250.

В корпусе про фрукты яблоки — в 200 текстах из 250.

IDF = 250/200 = 1,25. log(IDF) = log(1,25) = 0,096В корпусе, где яблоки «сгруппировались» в паре текстов TF-IDF = 0,2 * 1,69 = 0,338В корпусе, где яблоки «размазаны» по документам TF-IDF = 0,1 * 0,096 = 0,0096Высокий TF-IDF показал, что слово важно для понимания темы.

Отчёт о прозрачности (transparency report) раскрывает статистику о том, сколько раз за последнее полугодие органы государственной власти запрашивали у компании данные о пользователях, требовали удалить материалы или ограничить к ним доступ.

Прозрачность на Западе: Google, Twitter, Apple, Facebook…Первой подобный отчёт опубликовала компания Google в 2010 году.

Общественность заявляет не только о необходимости отчетов о прозрачности среди компаний, но и о недостаточном качестве подобных публикацийНепрозрачная РоссияРоссийские интернет-компании Яндекс и Mail.ru уже обвинялись в нераскрытии информации о взаимодействиями с органами власти.

В заявлении авторы указали на недоверие со стороны ряда …

Специалист должен понимать, что такое нормализация данных, работа в архитектуре данных, какие существуют форматы в базах данных и как анализировать данные в таких системах.

И здесь ключевым вопросом становится компетенции музейных сотрудников, их умение работать в области формирования хорошего цифрового контента, умение его подать и продвигать, и в целом навыки создания качественных онлайн-проектов.

Отдельная история с такими запросами, как «с какими архитекторами встречался основатель Пушкинского?».

Главные риски потерь связаны не с внешней утечкой, а с внутренней.

Для кого-то лучше, для кого-то хуже, а кто не был нашим посетителем, он им и не стал.

Структура комиксовОбычно комиксы публикуются в печатных журналах, газетах или в виде книг.

Однако текст комиксов характеризуется высокой изменчивостью, как с точки зрения используемых шрифтов и типов текста, так и размещения на странице.

Задача качественного распознавания текста для комиксов обычно решается одним из двух способов: подходы «сверху вниз» начинаются с распознавания заголовков или речевых выносок.

Методы машинного обучения развиваются с каждым днем и применяются в самых разных областях науки.

Теперь ML-модели добрались и до комиксов — и показали, что детали в них куда интереснее, чем кажется.

Внутри каждого слоя энкодера есть две составные части: слой внимания и нейросеть с прямой связью.

Внутри каждого слоя энкодера есть две составные части: слой внимания и нейросеть с прямой связью.

Вектор с прошлого слоя энкодера (или вектор самого слова, если слой энкодера — первый) умножается на три этих матрицы и получается вектор «запроса» (Q), вектор «ключа» (K) и вектор «значения» (V).

То же самое работает с матрицами K и V.Что происходит с матрицами Q и K?

Надеемся, что получилось рассказать о них не слишком сложно — и что принципы работы нейросетей-трансформеров стали вам чуточку понятнее.

Имена людей, названия организаций, книг, городов, и другие имена собственные называют «именованные сущности» (named entities), а саму задачу — «распознавание именованных сущностей».

Какие бывают именованные сущностиНачнем со второго этапа: какие классы именованных сущностей обычно хотят найти.

При разметке именованных сущностей принято использовать префикс «B» (beginning) для обозначения первого слова, «E» — для последнего слова и «I» (intermediate) — для всех слов между.

Сейчас для построения классифкатора обычно тренируют нейросетевую модель на большом количестве текстов с разметкой именованных сущностей.

Также до сих пор используются системы, основанные на правилах: в них прописываются р…

История, Искусство, АнтропологияЧтение на 15 минут: как возникли советские дачи 1930-х годовИзбы, терема, рабочие поселки времен НЭПа, бараки, советские дачи, генеральские поселки, знаменитые шесть соток эпохи оттепели… Музей современного искусства «Гараж» выпускает книгу историка архитектуры Николая Малинина «Современный русский деревянный дом».

по: В. А. Антипина.

Но есть и сугубо современные детали: окно в кабинете Мили­ни­са — до пола, а в гостиной — широкое панорамное.

На нижнюю террасу летом ставили стол,а на верхней был далеко отнесенный от здания «наблюдательный пункт», на который вела эффектная диагональ лестницы.

Крыши были остроконечными и тоже покрыва­лись фанерой, что оказалось…

История, Антропология15 вопросов о татаро-монгольском игеКто такие татаро-монголы, почему Орда «золотая» и что осталось от нее сегодня

Тем не менее именно AC/DC в 1970-е годы проторили путь всем остальным.

Первым в популярной музыке прославился Джордж Янг, старший брат Малкольма и Ангуса, который никогда не входил в офици­альный состав AC/DC.

Фронтмен AC/DC и жил как пел: «сортирная поэзия» в подавляющем большинстве случаев носила практически репортажный характер.

1 / 2 Вокалист группы AC/DC Бон Скотт на концерте группы в Лондоне.

Концерт группы AC/DC в Калифорнии.

История, АнтропологияАвстралийская футбольная лигаКак австралийцы придумали собственный футболАвтор Вячеслав БеловАвстралийский футбол появился в Мельбурне, в штате Виктория, в 1858 году.

Спустя год были составлены первые официальные правила, так что в каком-то смысле этот вид футбола можно считать старшим: первые правила обычного футбола официально утвердили в Англии только в 1863-м.

Пасовать его можно не только ногами, но и руками, но только не броском, как в баскетболе, а ударом кулака по мячу.

Судьбы игр иногда решаются после финальной сирены — по правилам свободный удар, или метку, можно пробить и по окончании основного времени.

Полномасштабный поход австралийского футбола на восток на…

История, АнтропологияДень АНЗАКПочему для австралийцев важнее память о поражениях, чем о победахАвтор Елена ГоворКаждый год 25 апреля по всей Австралии отмечается священный для австра­лийцев праздник — День АНЗАК.

В этот день в 1915 году части Австрало-новозеландского армейского корпуса (АНЗАК) вместе с войсками союзников высадились под шквальным огнем турецкой артиллерии на полуостров Галлиполи у пролива Дарданеллы.

Союзники стремились установить контроль над проливом, открывавшим выход в Черное море, и помочь России, которая вела войну на два фронта — в Европе и в Закавказье.

День АНЗАК отмечают очень камерно: люди всех возрастов рано утром сходятся у кенотафов в городских парках и помина…

ЛитератураАлан МаршаллКак автор истории о мальчике на костылях стал популярен в СССРАвтор Дина БатийАлан Маршалл (1902–1984) известен в первую очередь как детский писатель благодаря автобиографической повести «Я умею прыгать через лужи».

Москва, 1955 год © Издательство «Детская литература»«Я умею прыгать через лужи» — первая часть автобиографической трилогии.

Алан Маршалл в детстве со своим пони Knihovna Petra Bezruče v Opavě«Я умею прыгать через лужи» была опубликована в 1955 году и быстро стала популярна за пределами Австралии.

В продолжении трилогии — повестях «Это трава» (1962) и «В сердце моем» (1963) — действие разворачивается в Мельбурне до и во время Великой депрессии.

1984 год © Ja…

В альбоме «Сиднейская опера.

1 / 10 Вид на здание Сиднейского оперного театра с высоты птичьего полета.

2010 год Wikimedia Commons 2 / 10 Вид на здание Сиднейского оперного театра с запада.

2015 год © Bernard Gagnon / CC BY-SA 3.0 3 / 10 Вид на здание Сиднейского оперного театра с запада.

2009 год Wikimedia Commons 5 / 10 Вид на здание Сиднейского оперного театра с северо-востока.

И хотя вовсе не все австра­лийцы любят веджимайт, как и не все американцы — арахисовую пасту, веджимайт — маркер принадлежности к культуре.

Некоторые традиции употребления даже имеют собственные названия: если пасту с маслом намазать на хлеб и нарезать бутерброд на тонкие полоски, получатся «пальчики веджимайт», а если намазать на два крекера, соединить их и сдавить, чтобы выдавилась начинка, — «червячки веджимайт».

Как произвели веджимайт и почему в нем сомневалисьFred Walker & Company заключила сделку на годовую поставку пивных дрож­жей, и Каллистер приступил к экспериментам.

Как всем доказали, что веджимайт полезныйВ середине 1920-х Каллистер получил от профессора химии Лондонского униве…

ЛитератураБаллады бушаКак важнейший жанр австралийской поэзии начался с песен беглых каторжниковАвтор Елена ГоворБаллады буша — самый известный и узнаваемый жанр австралийской литера­туры.

Уйдем по горным склонам, поселимся в лесах, —Но никогда, но никогда не будем жить в цепях Отрывок из баллады «Сорванец».

Его стихотворение «Кленси с Бурного ручья» стало своего рода поэтической апологией австралийского буша: сельская свобода противопоставлена городу, угнетающему и нивелирующему человеческую личность.

Люблю закат огромный,Огнисто-кровяной,Люблю красу и ужасМоей земли родной Перевод Аркадия Штейнберга..Расцвет баллад буша пришелся на рубеж XIX–XX веков.

Тем не менее русскоязычные читатели и…

Неудивительно, что одним из талисманов летних Олимпийских игр в Сиднее в 2000 году был выбран утконос по имени Сид.

Ехидны, кстати, прихо­дятся утконосам ближайшими родственниками: оба вида относятся к отряду однопроходных, который не встречается за пределами Австралии и соседней Новой Гвинеи.

Люди преобразовали многие излюбленные места обитания этих мирных травоядных сумчатых в сельхозугодья и, что еще хуже, привезли с со­бой лис и кошек.

К сожалению, с похожи­ми трудно­стями столкнулись и многие другие аборигенные млекопитающие Австралии, в первую очередь мелкие сумчатые и грызуны.

Однако в середине 2010-х годов эти животные стали настоящими звездами интернета.

Представления о том, что Русская земля была «пленена» и «порабощена» ино­земными завоевателями, начали формироваться в первые десятилетия после нашествия Батыя.

В основе таких представлений лежала «вера в то, что гнев Господень есть свидетельство избранничества наказанного народа, заботы Бога о его конечном спасении» А. В. Лаушкин.

Тохтамыш сжег Москву, после чего Дмитрий Иванович все-таки вынужден был вернуть Орде долг и в дальнейшем аккуратно платить дань.

И, наверное, ничего делать и не надо.

Так называемая вечевая демократия была достаточно развита в домонгольской Руси, а в ряде мест — прежде всего, в Новгороде — сохранилась до конца XV века.

Правила игрыСадитесь на МЦД-1 на станции Одинцово и постарайтесь доехать до Лобни!

Подсказка доступна один раз за игру.

Подсказка доступна один раз за игру.

Подсказка доступна три раза за игру.

Подсказка доступна пять раз за игру.

Так, По причисляют и к родоначальникам жанра детектива, и к предвестникам научной фантастики XX века, и к вдохновителям авторов-декадентов.

При этом падение английской экономики в годы Наполеоновских войн сказалось и на приемной семье По, так что он и в детстве знал тяжелые времена.

После этого были нерегулярные публикации, служба в армии по контракту, учеба в Военной академии в Уэст-Пойнте, ухудшение отношений с отчимом, который стремился отлучить писателя от семейного наследства.

Взращенный в атмосфере финансового благополучия (пусть и непостоянного), воспитанный частными учителями, По не видел себя на службе в конторе с регулярным жалованьем.

В желании стать популярным — и исток смелого …

«Рим», «Румыния», «романс», «романтизм»: откуда взялись эти словаИстория одного корня через тысячелетияАвтор Алина ЗвонареваРим, римскийВид на Рим.

Именно поэтому внутренняя форма слов с самыми разно­образными значениям отсылает к Риму и к римскости.

Именно в этом значении слово «романс» было заимствовано в русский язык из французского в конце XVIII века.

А третье значение отсылает не непосредственно к Риму, а к языкам, произо­шедшим от латыни, то есть языка Древнего Рима (см.

Романтика, романтичный) постепенно получило популярность во всей Европе, а в конце XVIII века от него образовали название нового художественного движения.

The second lockdown will be different, she has promised herself.

Drawing, DIY, second languages … the creativity generated by the second lockdown covers multiple bases.

We knew this second lockdown was coming, so I had time to plan it, learning from the first one.

It’s reawakened something childlike in me that I haven’t felt in years.”The second lockdown is a chance for others to build on what they created during the first lockdown.

“We expect a second increase in domain registrations of creative businesses run by individuals, specifically those targeted at customers’ hobbies, during a second lockdown,” he added.

The bilingual program has won Footscray primary school accolades and, according to supporters, has helped social cohesion, language and culture thrive in a part of Melbourne synonymous with waves of Vietnamese migration to Australia.

Citing a shortage of Vietnamese teachers and a desire to adopt a Latin-based language that is easier for students, the school has decided that the bilingual program will soon switch to Italian.

Supporters say Footscray’s Vietnamese program is the only one of its kind in Australia.

This time, a report was commissioned from researchers at the University of Melbourne and it recommended the Vietnamese bilingual program be discontinued.

“Some of the Vietnamese paren…

As the long-term editor of an English dictionary, I have arrived at the trouble with pedants: they cry foul too often.

Maybe a language community that is always looking for patterns, lines “irregardless” up with “irrespective” and finds that convincing.

So pedants need to be more conscious of their place in the language community.

That is to say, they are not necessarily at the centre of language change, and they cannot claim the right to be the sole arbiter of what is good and bad.

• Susan Butler AO was the founding editor of the Macquarie Dictionary, Australia’s national dictionary, editing it from 1981 until 2017.

The dictionary she has edited is undoubtedly great – the New Shorter Oxford Dictionary; all 3,800 pages of it in two large volumes.

It is called the New Shorter only because it is based, though not entirely, on the 21-volume Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which at £1,650 is beyond most people’s means.

She read English at Edinburgh, and then went to Oxford to do a thesis on early Middle English lives of saints.

Does she feel herself to be in a line of Oxford dictionary makers?

She is also glad to be the first survivor of a great Oxford dictionary.

Poor John Crace, not able to use rat runs get to get his garden rubbish to the tip (Digested week, 28 August).

Paul WinnackWandsworth, London• 10 of the Best Meals in Movies in the weekend guide (28 August) and no mention of Babette’s Feast?

This superb 1987 Danish film must surely rank as one of the 10 best, if not the very best.

I look forward to reading Wikipedia in Pictish (Shock an aw: US teenager wrote huge slice of Scots Wikipedia, 26 August).

Can someone explain to me what a Lee Twatwater is (Marina Hyde, 28 August)?

Merriam-Webster has weighed in on the debate over the word “irregardless”, confirming that it is a proper, dictionary-verified word.

Caitlin Curran, production editor“Is irregardless even a word?” is a question many have asked and yet somehow there is still disagreement.

But clearly anyone who uses the word irregardless is an idiot.

Poppy Noor, features writerIrregardless of what Merriam-Webster says, I am wondering, what could the word irregardless possibly convey that the word regardless does not?

Having said all of that, I just can’t abide the word irregardless, I’m sorry.

Kate Forbes, the Scottish finance secretary, and Alasdair Allan, a former minister, said Gaelic had to be given precedence or parity in all areas of public life and the economy across Gaelic areas of the Highlands and islands.

These are mainly elderly Gaels living in the Western Isles.

Allan, the MSP for the Western Isles, said greater effort was needed by Gaelic speakers to reverse decades of subtle or overt pressure to prioritise English in their daily lives, including within Gaelic-speaking families.

Gaelic revival campaigners said Western Isles council had become much more active in protecting the language.

However, its Gaelic committee, formed in February to lead on that work, had not …

The government’s plan to reform England’s university admissions system is yet another example of providing window-dressing rather than changes that will have effective outcomes (Ministers may move university applications to after A-level results, 26 June).

If this plan had serious intentions, it would also insist that the only academic qualifications acceptable as university entrance qualifications were A-levels, the exams described by Ofqual as “national qualifications based on content set by the government”.

More lightly regulated exams such as Cambridge Assessment’s Pre-U have a higher proportion of A*/A grades than A-levels, and are mostly set and marked by private-sector teachers.

Bern…

The books contain questions which German troops would be likely to put to English citizens if they succeeded in achieving their desire to overrun the country.

Throughout there is a warning that if you fail to tell their soldiers the truth you will be shot.

Some of the questions in the phrase-book are apparently designed for use in cross-examining civic leaders.

A whole section is devoted to questions which are intended to enable the German troops to find their way about the country.

The booklet is similar to those which Germany has produced in the Czech, Polish, and Russian languages.

Alhallak teaches Arabic for NaTakallam, a language service that offers people the chance to learn Arabic, Spanish, Persian and French.

What is unique is that all languages are taught by refugees.

The service also circumvents restrictions on work for refugees and asylum seekers in their new countries of residence, which means they can earn money.

“Refugees need access to an income, but with no work permit they’re often stuck in limbo.

Through their classes, Alhallak and Waugh, who briefly met in Beirut before he left for Italy, have become friends.

“Students will not pick up a natural fluency staying in the UK – the most anti-learning-a-language country there is,” he says.

“A lot of us chose to study a language because of the year abroad.”Forget freshers' week: universities prepare to teach new first years online Read moreThe third year spent overseas doing courses or working is famously the time when language students become fluent.

He spent the beginning of the year bringing back around 200 students from abroad, some from areas such as China and northern Italy.

Partner universities abroad are offering online courses, and some work placements are going ahead online, where employees may be working from home.

The university has also ca…

Sources told the Guardian that most universities are planning for new students from China to delay entry until January next year, with online teaching offered.

Exams, including English language tests required for visas and university admissions, have been cancelled in China, where 80,000 people have caught coronavirus.

British universities increasingly rely on revenue from international tuition fees, with students from China providing the vast majority of growth.

British universities already face uncertainty over links with the EU after Brexit, including continued membership of the mammoth Horizon Europe science funding programme and the Erasmus+ student exchange programme.

Higson said the …

Albert Costa (a Catalan-Spanish bilingual) died in 2018, and this book is a great testimony to his lifetime of research into the subject.

Costa quotes Goethe’s famous line that “he who does not know foreign languages knows nothing about his own”.

But the advantages aren’t only cultural breadth or depth, but also better decision-making: we’re less instinctive and kneejerk in a foreign language, more able to be utilitarian and cold-headed.

But he leaves you in little doubt that the brain of bilinguals is, in tiny but important ways, provably different.

• The Bilingual Brain: And What it Tells Us About the Science of Language by Albert Costa, translated by John W Schwieter, is published by All…

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The gulf between our solitary thoughts and the words that would convey them to others constantly confronts us all.

And Nietzsche’s writings are filled with laments about the inadequacy of language to render his most cherished ideas entirely in words.

The cases in which we use language to construct thoughts might be immune to the paradox of articulation, since they don’t involve discovery of what we were thinking.

Though obviously unsatisfactory as a response to the original problem it was intended to solve, this solution provides a clue to the paradox of articulation.

Whether or not one accepts this solution, the paradox gives us a tool to investigate the process of articulation in a system…

I’m suffering through the heat on the trail of a metaphor, searching for a link in the global gold supply chain.

This journey is almost invariably described as a ‘supply chain’ – a metaphor that’s become so successful that we often forget it’s there.

But when he pitched I2M to his clients, he noticed how their ‘eyes glazed over’ until he hit upon the more vivid image of a ‘chain of supply’ or ‘supply chain’.

The success of the supply chain metaphor is now holding us back, limiting our capacity to solve the problems plaguing the global economic system.

Here the supply chain metaphor does more than just explanatory work – it also shapes our moral response to such tragedies.

Today, Arabic and Hebrew texts contain the same punctuation marks as those of Western languages, although writers rarely use the full range.

In 1900, Aḥmad Zakī wrote the first Arabic novel with Western punctuation marks, facilitated by a glossary and foreword, praising their usefulness in the preservation of Arabic.

The exclamation and the question mark joined their ranks, attesting to a need for emotional emphasis and clarification of intonation.

The semicolon wasn’t the only punctuation mark making history: in 1905, Moscow printers demanded to be paid for setting not only letters but also punctuation marks, which required the same action and the same amount of time as the alphabet.

A mir…

This is one of the first prototypes of brain-to-brain interfaces in humans.

The real challenge for brain-to-brain interfaces is not to achieve some interlinking of brains.

But isn’t asking for clarification exactly the kind of annoyance that brain-to-brain interfaces could help us get rid of?

It is likely, then, that there will be some language-like system for communication and coordination even in the substrate of brain-to-brain interfaces.

In seeking to bypass language, current conceptions of brain-to-brain interfaces seem to be on their way to replicating the fate of the Belcerebon people.

Over this long and colourful history, one idea has proven particularly resilient: the notion that language began as gesture.

In the 20th century, scholars held on to these intuitive arguments for gestural theories, while also introducing new sources of evidence.

Another couple carried out a similar home-rearing experiment with a different chimpanzee, Washoe, but used manual signs borrowed from American Sign Language instead of English words.

It’s that, compared with the mouth, the hands seem to be better soil for the seeds of language.

She reasons that if language had first built a home in the hands, it would have had no compelling reason to leave.

Gibberish – language that cannot be understood – is not quite the same as nonsense.

Gibberish, on the other hand, makes indecipherable words out of the sounds and letters of language.

Yet while they evade familiar spellings, they lean on our intuitive knowledge of how the English language works.

The language of Utopia is an esoteric gibberish, but there are more everyday examples of unintelligible language.

Babies chatter gibberish to us, and we talk back to them as if they had said something utterly astoundingIn the following centuries, English gibberish grows relatively dormant.

Tahitians, in their reckoning of love and loss, and their wrestling with death and darkness, suffered not from grief but a hypocognition of grief.

In my research with the psychologist David Dunning at the University of Michigan, we asked American participants: have you ever heard of the concept benevolent sexism?

A frequently overlooked part of Levy’s treatise on Tahitians is why they suffered from a hypocognition of grief.

In 2010, the Chinese rebel writer Han Han told CNN that any of his writings containing the words ‘government’ or ‘communist’ would be censored by the Chinese internet police.

They simply pretend nothing happened… That’s their goal,’ Han Han said.

J L Austin, a British philosopher working around the mid-20th century, made important progress in trying to classify the linguistic things we do as acts of speech or speech acts.

His thought was that we perform illocutionary acts in uttering meaningful sentences (hence the Latin il); and we perform perlocutionary acts by performing illocutionary acts (hence the Latin per).

We perform locutionary acts in order to perform illocutionary acts; and we perform illocutionary acts in order to perform perlocutionary acts.

If the argument that pornography can undermine women’s freedom of speech is successful, then it presents a challenge to the free-speech-based defence of pornography.

Deciding wheth…

A young woman, whose name was Breonna Taylor, was killed, as an early local news report described, “inside a home […] in the middle of an officer-involved shooting.

Many have pointed out how unbalanced and troubling this kind of manipulative indirect language can be.

In the phrase “officer-involved shooting,” language itself aggressively suppresses law enforcement’s own aggressive actions.

And likewise, in the phrase “officer-involved shooting,” language itself aggressively suppresses the police force’s own aggressive actions.

This was 53 percent higher than what people thought he should be fined when the reports used more indirect language.

Why is it that some of them can never accept that Taylor Swift might have something worthy to say?

Taylor Swift isn’t alone in being accused of faking an accent.

“Music can not be true or false, it can only refer to conventions of truth or falsity.”This is a complicating factor particularly when it comes to country music.

The worth of wordsIn “The Last Great American Dynasty,” Swift pens the story of someone she never knew: the eccentric, wealthy Rebekah Harkness of Rhode Island.

As Swift inserts herself into the narrative’s end, it transpires that Harkness owned the house that Swift later bought.

The remarkable thing about internet memes is that without constant mutation through wordplay, they become, ahem, meme-ingless.

Somehow, through allusion, the meme can convey far more complex emotional information than its simple linguistic structure might suggest.

Internet memes are popularly image macros—often originating from weird or amusing snippets of pop culture, with accompanying humorous text or catchphrases riffing on the theme of the meme.

The original source meme has to have had something notable about it for it to have become popular in the first place.

As variations on the meme become more popular, the relevant phrasal structure is used and reused, without the images.

Countries can take many steps that could act as apologies for historical wrongs—so is an official apology ever needed?

Before Obama, Bill Clinton reportedly did not offer an official apology due to the objections of the white majority.

This can be even more involved when it comes to official apologies, which can have a ceremonial aspect of performance to convey the gravity of the matter.

Perhaps the spectrum over which apologies range, from inconsequential politeness to deep remorse expressed formally, drives some members of the public to distrust official apologies as insincere or unnecessary, while others demand them to redress wrongs.

Apologies that look and sound and speak clearly like …

So how does a phrase that doesn’t actually mean what it says still manage to be so usefully informative?

Arbiters of linguistic style often assume that idioms are a kind of “exhausted speech” that once meant something but has become a set of lazy linguistic shortcuts to predigested ideas.

With language full of idioms, should well-worn expressions like “kick the bucket” kick the bucket in favor of more direct ways of speaking?

On the other hand, older idioms, such as getting “the short end of the stick,” are even more frozen in place.

We might wonder what all the fuss is about a stick, much less the short (or shitty) end of it.

Why are these children’s rhymes so much dark nonsense, and what could it all mean?

In a kid’s world, cooties and other similar contagions may not be real—but they’re deadly serious.

Though it may have a real impact on children’s social distancing, it’s hard to pin down what cooties is exactly, because conceptually, it needs to be many things.

But it’s true that many nursery rhymes are often so dark, so strange, so…nonsensical.

It’s hard to believe the cooties and nursery rhymes of your childhood can reveal so much about the world.

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As with many other recent global crises, there has been a flood of dangerous misinformation, and with it, the insidious “viral” spread of toxic speech through social media.

As Lawrence Besserman notes, being ill in the English language is no fun.

But when we think of weaponized language, often it’s a pretty blunt instrument.

Tirrell considers the idea of an epidemiology of toxic language, conceptualizing language as something that can have the power to cause harm, by degrees, just like a poison or a disease.

For the grace of being another language, Black English speech might have been considered as linguistically civilized as a classical Greek or Latin, or as linguistically chic as French or Italian.

Instead it resulted in intense public backlash and derision due to the still widespread, incorrect belief that Black English was an inferior, uneducated form of English associated with illiteracy, poverty, and crime.

But Black English is not just one monolithic dialect spanning the many millions of speakers across the country.

All along, while standard American English was busy convincing everyone that it was a superior dialect, it’s Black English that’s been a true cultural and linguistic force in…

It’s a book of photos, but it has words in it, because they’re photos of graffiti.

Not clever or funny graffiti, just graffiti that I find very visually attractive: the colours and textures and patterns.

The book is available at Lulu.com in softcover (a hardcover will be coming, but due to factors beyond my control, the list price will be excessive).

Also, I’ve made a PDF of the book that’s available for free to all Patreon supporters regardless of level.

(Advance warning: there are some vulgar words in it, because of course there are, it’s graffiti.)

It is a foible of mine that I am a connoisseur of etymology and of historical sound changes, and that I like to reconnoitre them – and write about them.

But perhaps you don’t think of foible as a synonym of weakness, not quite.

Ah, hello, meet your long-lost twin, foible.

Feeble and foible, you see, are alternate forms of the word that came from Latin flebilis, which meant ‘weepable’, i.e., ‘to be wept over’.

And Latin flebilis became Old French fleible, which became feble and foible, and feble came into English and became feeble while foible came into English and became the noun we know and love, foible; meanwhile, in French it moved on to become modern faible, which has a much broader sen…

The capricious asperity, even rapacity, of the winter weather – prompting precocious crepitations and intemperate tremor – is relieved, only on insufficient occasions, by an aperture in the obnubilation, allowing a pleasing apricity: the warmth of the sun in winter-time.

If the winter ground is a cold stone, apricity is the flesh of an apricot on it.

Apricity is not related to apricot as far as anyone can tell – well, not genetically, though perhaps by marriage.

Which aprico is, yes, from the same root that gives us apricity.

We may not get enough of apricity – as we do not of what it denotes – but it still shines through.

When it first appeared, in the 1600s, sidewalk meant a minor lane or path off to the side of a main one.

And outside of North America, pavement is still the term commonly used for what Canadians and Americans call a sidewalk.

But where I’m from, pavement is what’s on the streets – meaning where the cars drive, the asphalt – while the concrete on the sides is a sidewalk.

It’s really why I decided to taste this word sidewalk today.

A patch of sidewalk speaksWell, I wasa rock, yes,I did that thingfor a few million years.

Some days, you know, you have plans, you have designs, you have desires, but at the end of the day, you’ve done jactiate.

Mostly, in fact, it just shows up in two collocations: do [or did] jactiate and don’t [or didn’t] do jactiate.

Where does this word jactiate come from?

Just as cruciate sounds like “crewshit,” jactiate sounds like “jackshit.” So when you say “You’ve done jactiate” and “We haven’t done jactiate,” it sounds like……well, ha ha, yes, it is “You’ve done jack shit” and “We haven’t done jack shit.” I just made this word up because I didn’t have anything better to do at the moment.

Well, now you can spell it jactiate instead of jack shit (or jackshit) and say “So there!” to the t…

Yes, yes, consultants and consult could have worked there.

The Oxford English Dictionary has two citations in support of constult and both of them are plays on consult.

One is from a John Taylor, in 1630: “Some English Gentlemen with him consulted And he as nat’rally with them constulted.” The other is from a John Gauden in 1660: “What do they meet, and sit, and consult (or rather constult) together?”Well, OK, we get the idea.

But we tend to think of stultifying as like stupefying without pausing to think what those roots mean.

The tl;dr of it is that the verb constult, supposedly no longer used (but ha!

Like “Omnes stuffunt meatus in mouthorum.” But there are two problems with that (aside from the extremely dodgy Latin): one, it’s not pronounced “meat-us,” it’s pronounced “me-ate-us” (/miˈeɪtəs/); two, it’s not something you stuff into a hole, it is a hole.

The Latin word meatus (with a long a) originally meant ‘path’ or ‘passage’, and came from a verb meare meaning ‘pass’ or ‘traverse’.

There is, for instance, the meatus auditorius, also known as the auditory meatus, or the hole of hearing (that’s what one H. Crooke called it in 1615), or the earhole.

Pity; I think I could like meatus crusti (‘cake hole’; actually Latin for ‘cake hole’ would more likely be meatus placentae, but we couldn’…

Buy my books on Lulu.com:You can also get them on Amazon.com.

Please note that I make less than half as much per book if you buy them there, however.

You see the alienum there, and you see the alien in alieniloquy.

Yes, well, yes, that’s the point.

And it’s here, because alieniloquy is nothing alien to us in modern times, alas.

obviously so called from the view of people to the west, in particular Hungarians, Latin speakers, and so on).

And even more so our internal monologues proceed by alieniloquy, and that’s not just OK, it would be worrisome if it didn’t happen at least some of the time; the mind needs to wander, you know?

As the Oxford English Dictionary puts it, lutarious means “inhabiting mud.” Wiktionary (like others) expands the definition a bit: “of, pertaining to, or like, mud; living in mud.” But both agree the word is obsolete.

As though living in mud, being like mud, sheer muddiness of nature and dwelling, mind and body, were obsolete.

As though the world were not a big ball of wet dirt.

lutariousI am lutarious, Ilike fresh wet soil under myfingernails, between my toes,squishing in and out of my pores.

You like it clean and dry,the dust, the rocks, blue sky,hard, and whispering of death,no muck, no suck, no breath.

Which would suggest that eucratic means ‘pleasant power’ or something like that.

But the point here today is that both countries (among many others) can have good government, which is more on the line of what eucratic implies (allowing that it’s an adjective, not a noun).

If it looks a bit Socratic, it is: Socrates’s name, Σωκράτης, means ‘safe power’, and the cratic in eucratic is the same cratic as in Socratic and democratic and all the other cratic words, from κράτος, meaning ‘power’.

It is a maxim among physicians, “that no body is perfectly sound.” The same may be said of every government: the least imperfect live in a middle existence, in a state truly eucratic, that is, where good an…

Let not the clipsome go unclasped,Nor yet the handsome go ungrasped;Chase me, embrace me, squeeze me well,And let us snug and hug a spell.

No, not needing a haircut – I mean, that too, but that’s not what clipsome means.

Like Judy Garland and all these lads in Girl Crazy:Why is that clipsome?

And as late as the 1800s, the ‘embrace’ sense was common enough that clipsome was a sensible word meaning ‘fit to be embraced’.

Scissors make a “clip, clip” sound (or at least they can; the ones I use tend to sound more like “snip, snip”).

Celeste Ng (@pronounced_ing) asked Twitter,What is the German word for “feeling physically nauseous from anxiety at the news but also morbidly unable to look away and stop scrolling”She got a number of responses, of course.

I’ve decided, however, that the mot juiced is Geierfaszination – “vulture fascination,” i.e., inability to look away when you see a vulture eating something (e.g., your cat).

(And any German speakers out there who find it ill formed are welcome to issue a correction.)

If you want to say it out loud, it’s said like “guy-er-fass-i-na-tsyon” or however close to that you’re up to.

Which means that the roots of this word for ‘vulture-fascination’ could also have developed to …

The rejects thought themselves better than everyone and everything, and everyone else thought themselves better than the rejects.

The word is aporrhiptocracy.

It happens that diarrhea is not related to aporrhiptocracy, except in that they both come from Classical Greek, and in Classical Greek if you put a prefix ending in a vowel onto a root that starts with a devoiced “r” you get a doubling of that devoiced “r” that is transliterated into the Latin alphabet as rrh.

And aporrhiptocracy isn’t about being ruled by people who were scorned as children due to their virtue.

Obviously, the fewer reasons we have to use the word aporrhiptocracy, the better.

It’s sackbut.

A sackbut is basically an old trombone.

There are differences in design from modern trombones, so the distinction is one worth making, but if you take trombone as the class of brass instruments with sliders, a sackbut is a member of that class.

If you don’t hear (or see) the word sackbut too often these days, that’s because sackbuts are indeed instruments from another time.

You can find out a bit about the group’s origins from Jeremy West:The question that remains is, “Why the name?”And the answer is, “It comes from French saquebute, which was formerly saqueboute or saquebotte.” The next answer is that the French word comes from an Old French word for ‘pull’ – saquier – and an…

As the tipping point is not the vase’s natural state, we assume something has caused the unbalance e.g.

We also realise that there will be consequences when this tipping point is reached, and we expect these will be negative.

It was most often applied to an individual, reaching a personal tipping point and joining a wider group or process in society.

From this study they tracked the changing use and meanings of tipping point in both the media and science.

This suggests that the tipping point metaphor in the media had become more flexible, again incorporating the conventional expression of a drastic change.

In the fifth chapter of her pop linguistics book Because Internet, Gretchen McCulloch explores how emoji became popular as a way of replicating gestures in online communication.

However, many popular emoji use hand and facial gestures, which, McCulloch says, inspired her to begin treating them as gesture.

These gestures don’t have specific names but can be described.

The example McCulloch uses is the range of emojis possible in a ‘Happy Birthday’ message, perhaps a combination of the following 🎂🍰🎁🎊🎉🎈🥳.

We can even repeat emoji which don’t have a literal gesture attached, because, as a whole, emoji can be repeated.

Why is it so much scarier to receive a text saying “ok.” than “ok”?

In online messaging, we tend to use line or message breaks, rather than full stops, to convey the end of an utterance.

One that has is the sarcasm tilde (~), which McCulloch argues derives from the mid-2000s days of MySpace ‘sparkle punctuation’, where users used punctuation marks for aesthetic purposes.

McCulloch calls this lack of punctuation ‘minimalist typography’ and discusses how this is used to convey tone of voice, particularly in the current era of smartphones.

These are just some of the ways in which we reflect our tone in typed speech, from caps lock, to passive aggressive punctuation.

(a) wen mi ier di bap bap, mi drap a groun an denwhen I heard the bap bap [the shots], I fell to the ground and thenmi staat ron.

(b) When I heard the shot (bap, bap), I drop the gun, and then I run.

AAVE has been studied extensively by linguists, who have shown that it is a systematic and rule-governed dialect of English like any other.

They start by closely analysing over 15 hours of Jeantel’s recorded speech, to see how it compares to that of other AAVE speakers.

In the Zimmerman case, Rickford and King show that Jeantel used several preverbal tense-aspect markers in her speech, such as stressed BIN, completive, and habitual.

Through this research, we can see that thanks responses in English are not very frequent on the whole.

This is in contrast to some other languages.

In addition, the sensitivity of thanks responses to socio-economic setting suggest that they are a subtle form of cultural encoding, with common responses in LARC-up and LARC-mid restaurants possibly signalling formality.

Furthermore, thanks responses do not appear to be very standardized, with a wide range of forms being used, especially in LARC-mid and LARC-low.

The fact that the type of service performed elicits differing thanks responses across the different socio-economic settings reinforces the sense that these small linguistic acts are ac…

To celebrate, we’re asking you to introduce the show to people who would be totally into a linguistics podcast, if only they knew it existed!

You can click “play” on any episode from our website, or search for “lingthusiasm” in your podcast player of choice.

You can also experience Lingthusiasm through your eyeballs, since all Lingthusiasm episodes have human-edited transcripts.

Share a link to a Lingthusiasm episode you enjoyed!

(But you can still feel free to tell us about your private recs on social media if you’d like to be thanked!)

Lingthusiasm Episode 50: Climbing the sonority mountain from A to P“Blick” is not a word of English.

We also talk about the incredibly weird case of S.—This month’s bonus episode is a behind the scenes look at the creation of Crash Course Linguistics!

We’re joined by Jessi Grieser, the third member of our linguistics content team behind the scripts of Crash Course Linguistics.

Also, Crash Course Linguistics videos are coming out every Friday!

Email us at contact [at] lingthusiasm [dot] comGretchen is on Twitter as @GretchenAMcC and blogs at All Things Linguistic.

Lingthusiasm Episode 50: Climbing the sonority mountain from A to P“Blick” is not a word of English.

We also talk about the incredibly weird case of S.—This month’s bonus episode is a behind the scenes look at the creation of Crash Course Linguistics!

We’re joined by Jessi Grieser, the third member of our linguistics content team behind the scripts of Crash Course Linguistics.

We talk about how we structured the syllabus of Crash Course Linguistics, how Gavagai came to be a recurring character in the series, finding our delightful host Taylor Behnke, and what it’s like working with the awesome teams at Complexly and Thought Cafe.

Also, Crash Course Linguistics videos are coming out every Fr…

Lingthusiasm Episode 50: Climbing the sonority mountain from A to P“Blick” is not a word of English.

We also talk about the incredibly weird case of S.—This month’s bonus episode is a behind the scenes look at the creation of Crash Course Linguistics!

We’re joined by Jessi Grieser, the third member of our linguistics content team behind the scripts of Crash Course Linguistics.

Also, Crash Course Linguistics videos are coming out every Friday!

Email us at contact [at] lingthusiasm [dot] comGretchen is on Twitter as @GretchenAMcC and blogs at All Things Linguistic.

I completed my BA in Communication and Spanish but I decided to specialize in ESL (English as a Second Language) and Linguistics with my master’s degree.

The program focused on first and second language acquisition as well as curriculum development for the ELL (English Language Learning) learner classroom.

I’m an IELTS (International English Language Testing System) coach and podcaster, so I ended up creating my own company.

I think my part of what sets me apart, specifically, is the knowledge in second language acquisition.

My whole life is focused on language learning.

I completed my BA in Communication and Spanish but I decided to specialize in ESL (English as a Second Language) and Linguistics with my master’s degree.

The program focused on first and second language acquisition as well as curriculum development for the ELL (English Language Learning) learner classroom.

I’m an IELTS (International English Language Testing System) coach and podcaster, so I ended up creating my own company.

I think my part of what sets me apart, specifically, is the knowledge in second language acquisition.

My whole life is focused on language learning.

I completed my BA in Communication and Spanish but I decided to specialize in ESL (English as a Second Language) and Linguistics with my master’s degree.

The program focused on first and second language acquisition as well as curriculum development for the ELL (English Language Learning) learner classroom.

I’m an IELTS (International English Language Testing System) coach and podcaster, so I ended up creating my own company.

I think my part of what sets me apart, specifically, is the knowledge in second language acquisition.

My background in Linguistics gives me insight into all aspects of language learning within my life.

I completed my BA in Communication and Spanish but I decided to specialize in ESL (English as a Second Language) and Linguistics with my master’s degree.

The program focused on first and second language acquisition as well as curriculum development for the ELL (English Language Learning) learner classroom.

I’m an IELTS (International English Language Testing System) coach and podcaster, so I ended up creating my own company.

I think my part of what sets me apart, specifically, is the knowledge in second language acquisition.

My whole life is focused on language learning.

I completed my BA in Communication and Spanish but I decided to specialize in ESL (English as a Second Language) and Linguistics with my master’s degree.

The program focused on first and second language acquisition as well as curriculum development for the ELL (English Language Learning) learner classroom.

I’m an IELTS (International English Language Testing System) coach and podcaster, so I ended up creating my own company.

I think my part of what sets me apart, specifically, is the knowledge in second language acquisition.

My whole life is focused on language learning.

I completed my BA in Communication and Spanish but I decided to specialize in ESL (English as a Second Language) and Linguistics with my master’s degree.

The program focused on first and second language acquisition as well as curriculum development for the ELL (English Language Learning) learner classroom.

I’m an IELTS (International English Language Testing System) coach and podcaster, so I ended up creating my own company.

I think my part of what sets me apart, specifically, is the knowledge in second language acquisition.

My whole life is focused on language learning.

I completed my BA in Communication and Spanish but I decided to specialize in ESL (English as a Second Language) and Linguistics with my master’s degree.

The program focused on first and second language acquisition as well as curriculum development for the ELL (English Language Learning) learner classroom.

I’m an IELTS (International English Language Testing System) coach and podcaster, so I ended up creating my own company.

My background in Linguistics gives me insight into all aspects of language learning within my life.

Related interviews (both ESL and self-employed entrepreneurs):Recent interviews:Check out the full Linguist Jobs Interview List and the Linguist Jobs tag for even more in…

Spectral-gramsWhat does a linguist dressed up as a pirate wear on their face?

/bu::::/What does a linguist become if bitten at the full moon?

A wordwolfWhat do you call several jack-o-lanterns with the designs that change depending on their environment?

Because they’re skele-tenseWhat would you call a famous linguist with an appetite for brains?

Noamnomnom ZombskyWhat is the appropriate month for making linguistics halloween jokes?

Spectral-gramsWhat does a linguist dressed up as a pirate wear on their face?

/bu::::/What does a linguist become if bitten at the full moon?

A wordwolfWhat do you call several jack-o-lanterns with the designs that change depending on their environment?

Because they’re skele-tenseWhat would you call a famous linguist with an appetite for brains?

Noamnomnom ZombskyWhat is the appropriate month for making linguistics halloween jokes?

Spectral-gramsWhat does a linguist dressed up as a pirate wear on their face?

/bu::::/What does a linguist become if bitten at the full moon?

A wordwolfWhat do you call several jack-o-lanterns with the designs that change depending on their environment?

Because they’re skele-tenseWhat would you call a famous linguist with an appetite for brains?

Noamnomnom ZombskyWhat is the appropriate month for making linguistics halloween jokes?

This set included three emoji that I co-wrote proposals for: Palm Up Hand, Palm Down Hand and Face With Peeking Eye.

These proposals came directly out of the work I did with Gretchen looking at the way emoji act as digital gestures.

A palm up gesture means you’ll be able to offer someone cake, a palm down means you’ll finally get a mic drop.

I’m also looking forward to seeing the hands heart, as well as the heart fingers/money gesture, and the pointing at you emoji.

I also feel like I’m going to get a lot of use out of melty face and flat battery.

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« previous post |The focus of this post is the expression lào yīngwén, where the yīngwén part is written 英文 in characters and means "English".

In written Taiwan Mandarin, it may be written with the following characters: lào 烙, liào 撂, luò 落.

Although excellence in English affords many benefits, there are countercurrents to the growing influence of the language.

Here are the Abstract and beginning parts of Su's chapter:AbstractAnalyzing language attitudes toward English in Taiwan, this chapter explores the slang term lào yīngwén, roughly meaning 'to speak English fluently (in a showy manner)', often with a jocular and disapproving connotation.

These rapidly changing developments pertaining t…

I have a Jenna Ellis joke, but I can’t tell you what it is you just have to believe me — Asha Rangappa (@AshaRangappa_) November 28, 2020I have a joke about bleach but it’s too clean.

🎉 (@WinkiesWord) November 28, 2020Deleting this attempt at a joke because a large number of people did not see that it was a joke.

pic.twitter.com/7IkODxsfBh — Jeff Kosseff (@jkosseff) November 28, 2020I've got a Heisenberg joke, but if I tell it to you, I can't give you the punchline.

https://t.co/z5lEewNQ7m — Michael E. Mann (@MichaelEMann) November 28, 2020I have a joke, but Alan Dershowitz won't like it because it's more than 15 years old.

(@skinnycoolkid) November 28, 2020I have a “I have a joke” joke, bu…

« previous post |A key concept in traditional Chinese phonology is the distinction between "clear" (qīng 清) and "muddy / turbid / murky" (zhuó 濁).

Roughly speaking, the linguistic and musical correlations are qīng 清 ("clear; high pitch") and zhuó 濁 ("muddy; low pitch").

Qīng 清 "clear" and zhuó 濁 "murky" describe absence or presence of voicing in syllable initials.

(source)]On p. 30 there is this explanation:The primary division of the initials is into qīng 'clear' and zhuó muddy'.

Qīng designates the voiceless initials; the qīng initials are further divided into quánqīng 'completely clear', the voiceless unaspirated initials, and ciqing 'secondarily clear', the voiceless aspirated initials.

« previous post |Yesterday, I learned a new bit of legal jargon: "upon information and belief".

So is the claim that, “[u]pon information and belief, a substantial portion of the approximately 1.5 million absentee and mail votes in Defendant Counties should not have been counted.” Id.

“Upon information and belief” is a lawyerly way of saying that the Campaign does not know that something is a fact but just suspects it or has heard it.

The phrase "information and belief" has it own Wikipedia article, which explains lawyers' motivation for deploying such expressions:The phrase is often used in legal pleadings, declarations under penalty of perjury, and affidavits under oath.

It is often used …

In such cases, one has to work extra hard to figure out how the translator arrived at the hilarious results with which we are presented.

In other words, we have to reconstruct the original on the basis of the mistranslated English.

In the present situation, it is much easier because we also have the original Chinese text.

Dìngxíng: Liáng gān hòu, yòng gāngzhēn shūzi shū dào yuánlái de fǎxíng.

After simplification, hòu 后, which originally meant "empress", has been borrowed to stand for hòu 後 ("after; rear; later; behind, back"), without losing the meaning "empress"The perils of translating into English without really knowing English.

Anyway, what I find most curious about this is that the Guardian article glosses the word 'pibe' as 'urchin', which is not entirely correct, and many other newspapers in the UK seem to have run with this epithet for Maradona.

Wiktionary agrees that pibe is a general (Buenos Aires area) term for "Persona que se encuentra en la adolescencia o juventud", and the Wikipedia article confirms this.

I share David Lobina's impression that urchin seems a bit old-fashioned, but Google Books ngrams doesn't really support us:Some of the "Maradona as urchin" examples:[link] This sense of freedom was only deepened by Maradona’s own impoverished background, and how he was often somewhat disparagingly descr…

« previous post |Today's xkcd:Mouseover title: "Do you feel like the answer depends on whether you're currently in the hole, versus when you refer to the events later after you get out?

Assuming you get out."

[…]The first Urban Dictionary entry for the phrase "Release the Kraken" was submitted on March 31st, 2010, defined as "to pwn or to kick the ass of whomever you're releasing the kraken on."

In this universe, the Kraken is a monster created by Hades, the lord of hell.

Only her blood will sate the Kraken, and Zeus, who you have so offended.

The Kraken is duly unleased, and as it starts to destroy Argos, Hades confronts Zeus:Your browser does not support the audio element.

HADES: Argos has fallen.

It is referred to as jiǎgǔwén 甲骨文 ("oracle bone writing") and was used primarily (almost exclusively) for the purpose of divination.

The observations in the above paragraph are based on my own investigations and on information supplied to me by colleagues who are knowledgeable in oracle bone studies.

The Shang rulers, on the other hand, made oracle bone divination into something still more grand and ritualistic than the Mongols.

(10/28/16)"The concept of word in Sinitic" (10/3/18)"Oracle" (3/21/14)Rowan K. Flad, "Divination and Power: A Multiregional View of the Development of Oracle Bone Divination in Early China", Current Anthropology , 49.3 (June 2008), 403-437., 49.3 (June 2008), 403-43…

I have a couple of questions about Sino-Japanese historical linguistics, which I have not been able to find an answer to elsewhere.

In the case of 京, the development of Middle Chinese seems to have been something like /kiaŋ/ > /kiŋ/.

With Middle Chinese coda -ŋ regularly corresponding to -u/-i in Sino-Japanese, the Go-on lines up well with the earlier Middle Chinese form, and the Kan-on with the later form.

The development of the word in Middle Chinese seems to have been something like /li̯ək/ > /lik/, similar to the development of the rhyme in 京.

One would expect ryoku, the Kan-on, to correspond to the earlier Chinese form, and riki (Go-on) to correspond to the later Chinese.

« previous post |I've always been intrigued by the Chinese expression "eat vinegar" (chīcù 吃醋) meaning "be jealous".

The monosyllabic form (dù 妒) is ancient, going back to classical times.

In fact, Jīdū 基督 is a short form of Jīlìsīdū 基利斯督, which is a transcription of "Christ", from Ancient Greek Χριστός (Khristós).

Back to "eat vinegar" (chīcù 吃醋) meaning "be jealous".

Since I'm writing about vinegar, I should not fail to mention that Chris Button has long wondered whether Middle Persian "sik" (vinegar), presumably related to Turkic "sirke", might have anything to do with 醋/酢?

Because DeSoto is eat up with coronavirus cases.”I'd never heard "is eat up" before, so I wondered whether it might be a typo.

I searched on the phrase "is eat up" and, aside from coincidental other occurrences, found "Wife's stepsister is eat up with BLM" and "I’m from South Carolina and my Facebook is eat up with this dumb crap!!!"

The phrase "eat up with", meaning something like "full of (or consumed by) something negatively evaluated", is definitely Out There.

If he had been so very agreeable, he would have talked to Mrs. Long.

Raffling and Fidling, and Piping and Singing,There's rare doings at Bath.

« previous post |"We're working on mass distribution of the virus."

Steve Mnuchin, who we hope is working on mass distribution of the ~vaccine~ and not the virus.

pic.twitter.com/DqaTC1ZTmD — The Recount (@therecount) November 20, 2020Your browser does not support the audio element.

Well we- we- we- we- we hope it won'tand again you know we're working on mass distributionof the virusuh and againFor more on word-substitution errors like Mnuchin's virus for vaccine, see "Defendants wrongly committed of a crime", 8/4/2011.

I haven't been able to locate a recording of the longer interview that this came from — please let me know in the comments if you find it.

So I was excited when I found a quote that seems to unite these two genres, but with a twist.

The quote, as given below (sans ellipsis), is on pp.

Inhabitants of temperate zones do not appreciate the importance of water to everyday life as do the inhabitants of equatorial deserts.

For example, there is no one word in the English language that means ‘to die of thirst,’ yet in Arabic there are eight degrees of thirst […] Arabs express thirst in terms of simple thirst, burning thirst, vehement thirst, burning thirst with dizziness, and lastly excessive thirst – the thirst that kills.

I would be very interested to see what your correspondents make of this passage, especially those versed in Ara…

« previous post |Recently, two vaccine companies have presented evidence that their vaccines are respectively “90% effective” and “94½% effective”.

The articles report that the same large number of people got the vaccine and a placebo and of the first 95 people to show up with the disease 90% (94½%) came from the group that didn’t get the vaccine.

In other words, if you got the disease the chances are 9 in 10 you didn’t get the vaccine.

Thus 90% of the infected folks came from the placebo group and it is reported that the vaccine was “90% effective”.

In the words of the drug companies, the vaccine would be 90% effective in both experiments, whereas nether experiment suggests anything like w…

“Tell it in the order that it happened,” one police officer tells Édouard, but Louis does nothing of the sort.

The novel begins after the crime, back in Picardy, where Édouard is staying with his sister Clara.

Indeed, Louis often interrupts Clara’s working-class French with italicized asides in Édouard’s more formal language, the better to underscore their social distance.

This grinding between registers of French is the crucial trick of History of Violence.

Their father, in The End of Eddy, thought of such correct French as the language of “faggots.”I found Louis’s rendering of Clara’s French winning in many places, hammy and overdrawn in a few.

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

I was bowled over — I’d been wanting to read more of Joyce since I got his Fastness in 2017 (see this post).

His ear for English and his ability to deploy it in unexpected ways excited me, and now I can dive in to a much wider range of his work.

And Joyce has kept it up for decades; the recent poems in What’s in Store are just as convincing.

(I mean, just the title “With the First Dream of Fire They Hunt the Cold” — how could you not trust the poet implicitly?)

Oh, and my post title comes from that of the last, long poem in that first book (“This apparatus echoes and distorts many voices other than my own” — see the detailed explication here).

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

byContinuing the Raj theme, herewith Maya Jasanoff’s 2008 LRB review of Hartly House, Calcutta, an epistolary novel allegedly by Phebe Gibbes (see below) and first published in 1789.

For, Arabella, he has made himself master of the Persian language, that key to the knowledge of all that ought to constitute the British conduct in India.

Though Hartly House, Calcutta was published anonymously, Franklin attributes its authorship to Phebe Gibbes.

20 pounds for Hartly House, Calcutta’.

Did the author of Hartly House, Calcutta ever go to India?

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

He referred to the plant as a “klai-vee-uh” at the beginning of the show but then called it a “kli-vee-uh” later on.

If you are going to prefer one pronunciation over another where both pronunciations are current and valid, then you should stick to your choice.

A person was famous for very laudable reasons, and infamous because they had done something reprehensible.

“Regardless” of how many times we are scolded for using “irregardless” instead, it seems that it makes no difference.

Maybe a language community that is always looking for patterns, lines “irregardless” up with “irrespective” and finds that convincing.

You see, you understand, but you can’t interfere — you can’t help it, restrain it, or shame it.

But a good book, thanks to the same professional fastidiousness, is also not easy to read.

Desperate, you put down the book and impotently close your eyes, hating yourself for your helplessness and mediocrity and all the rest of it.

And of course you read, but lord, what difficult, trying, and endless work it is!

Эти штабеля – целый город, едва ли не больше самого поселка, со своими безымянными улочками и переулками, тупиками и площадями, чужой человек легко мог заблудиться среди них.

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get links to new posts here as they appear.

You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!

Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of "staying on topic," and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions.

This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor.

It's a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news."

I have an essay on Irish English dialect in the latest Stinging Fly (winter 2020–21).

The Stinging Fly is an Irish literary magazine on the go since 1997 and a book publisher since 2005.

My essay looks at Galway dialect, though its features are not that different (or different mainly in degree) from southern Irish English in general.

Irish English is a complicated mosaic of influences, not all of them obvious.

‘“Wasn’t It Herself Told Me?” Irish English Dialect in Galway’ is the title.

It’s been a while since I made a book spine poem (aka bookmash).

**Thanks to the authors: Tim Robinson, David George Haskell, Edna O’Brien, Kazuo Ishiguro, Heather Greer, Thich Nhat Hanh, and Deirdre Madden; and to Nina Katchadourian.

Edna O’Brien and Deirdre Madden have both featured a few times on Sentence first, including in previous bookmashes.

Heather Greer’s book, a beautifully illustrated guide to the moths and butterflies of Connemara, is one I did some editing on, years ago.

Have you made a book spine poem yet?

Alphabetical order is not the uniform ideal it may superficially seem to be.

This comment comes from a new book, A Place for Everything: The Curious History of Alphabetical Order by Judith Flanders.

Robert Boyle tried myriad techniques: colour-coding, numerals, mnemonic verses, lettered boxes – but not, oddly, alphabetical order.

The prevalence of alphabetical order has begotten a strange invisibility, making A Place For Everything an enlightening and richly enjoyable read.

While exploring how alphabetical order rose to near-ubiquity in the West, it also offers a broad and entertaining history of adjacent tools and ideas.

Oochy woochy coochy coo.

Oochy woochy coochy coo.

SPOCK: Oochy woochy coochy coo, Captain?

Oochy coochy coochy coo.

Oochy woochy coochy coo.

Phrases that use peak include off-peak, peak oil, and peak time.

This meaning explains why people sometimes write the eggcorn peak one’s interest instead of pique one’s interest – they may picture that interest peaking.

To remember when to use the spelling peak, think of how the capital letter A is like a mountain.

Picture the spelling as peAk, if that helps.

Policing grammar on the radio looks at an example of usage-peeving, wherein a journalist who spoke on Irish radio was criticised by one listener for her grammar:

This headline appeared on the front page of the Guardian website last weekend and came to my attention via Mercedes Durham on Twitter:Vaccine trials halted after patient fell ill restartIt’s quite the syntactic rug-pull.

The story itself has a far more intelligible headline: ‘Oxford University resumes Covid-19 vaccine trials’.

Cached versions on the Wayback Machine suggest that that’s also how it was originally published – the confusing headline appears only on main pages.

If spatial limits or convention prevented the inclusion of that were, the relative clause could have been favourably set off with commas:Vaccine trials, halted after patient fell ill, restartOr, even less conventionally a…

One day the boy, Willie, is home from school for lunch and sees his exercise book still untouched.

Willie thought in his head, in English, “He is not only a fraud, but a coward.” The sentence didn’t sound right; there was a break in the logic somewhere.

I’m curious about what ‘didn’t sound right’ to Willie in the first formulation of the line.

Are they odd in combination, or would either alone sound odd too?

These questions are pretty much moot, since we don’t know exactly what Willie, or Naipaul, thinks about not only .

A fresh batch of linguistic items for your listening, viewing, and reading (lots of reading) pleasure.

There are a few new language podcasts on the scene, but I’ll save those for a separate post.

A brief history of strange English street names.

Using the Irish language on a headstone in England.

A brief history of word games.

Alfred Hitchcock’s comedy-thriller The Trouble with Harry (1955), amidst all its talk of murder and romance, has a fun little exchange of sociolinguistic interest between John Forsythe (‘Sam Marlowe’) and Edmund Gwenn (‘Capt.

Those who correct others’ speech uninvited often do so in a rude and judgemental way.

Marlowe corrects Wiles gently and off-handedly, as though automatically correcting a child.

The script for The Trouble with Harry was written by John Michael Hayes.

I don’t know if the same exchange appears in the source novel by Jack Trevor Story, but Hitchcock obviously liked it.

I’ve been greatly enjoying videos by Geoff Lindsey, an accent coach from the UK who also gives courses at University College London.

His YouTube channel has about 20 videos to date, mostly around 5 or 10 minutes long, on a wide range of topics to do with pronunciation and phonetics.

‘Most folks are amazed when they see the inner life of speech,’ Lindsey says in a fascinating, Stranger Things–themed primer on the human vocal organs that provides a snapshot of what happens anatomically when we speak:Here he reveals what superhero names can tell us about stress patterns in English compounds – why, for example, we say Super man but Invisible Woman :Lindsey’s older videos are shorter and more ex…

A girl can’t tell secrets in front of girls who aren’t friends, because only friends should hear her secrets.

Because ASL words are formed by hand shapes, they cannot be written as English words can.

In addition to being more efficient than writing to each other in English, using this private language reinforces their feeling of closeness and of the uniqueness of their rapport.

Any two people can devise a private language, and many who are close do.

I can relate to the more general observations on private language – its creation (and loss) in romantic relationships, and also its continual expression in families, maybe especially among siblings.

My limited knowledge of Scots and Scottish English when I was young was based on caricatures in comics, particularly ‘Hot-Shot Hamish’.

Linguistically it has been described as a continuum spanning Broad Scots and Standard Scottish English, with considerable variety in between.

A common misconception is dispatched on the Spellin an Grammar page of Scots Wikipedia: ‘Scots isna juist Inglis written wi orra wirds an spellins.

It haes its ain grammar an aw.’It is wirds that are showcased in Cauld Blasts and Clishmaclavers, a new book by Robin A. Crawford, whose publisher, Elliott & Thompson, sent me a copy.

Cauld Blasts and Clishmaclavers is a constant pleasure, thrang (‘densely packed’) with a …

Sometimes the student’s intention is clear: “Hitler was a facetious dictator.” But I couldn’t figure out what was intended by the student who wrote:My grandmother, when she was alive, was quite the grammar ho.

The problem with this interpretation is that I can’t find any instance online of someone using ho to mean anything other than enthusiasm for sex, though there is a Pinterest board called Grammar Ho, which contains examples of “internet grammar”.

What might "grammar ho" refer to in this context?

She was a grammar ho.

My grandmother was a grammar ho (Gramajo) and my grandfather was a guava (Guevara).

According to @cinexina, the word would be merder, “definitely the best translation if the word ‘shit’ is absolutely required.

Literally shit show would be spettacolo di merda, but that’s not an idiom.

@forzaviola15 gave Viennese German: ein Schas (“literally means fart”).

Icelandic gives us skítasýning, according to @DisaBjarna (I looked it up: literally ‘shitshow’).

In Indonesian, per @irfanfq and @kalaMMaya, it would be acara sampah – which translates literally to ‘trash event’.

Nancy: Both SCHIIT and DOUCHEBAGS treat the profanity in their respective brand-name stories.

Go ape Schiit.” “And Schiit happens,” I agreed.” “If you don’t have our stuff, you’re up Schiit creek,” Lisa added.

What do you say, Anne—do Schiit and Douchebags pass the distinctiveness test?

Nancy: On the other hand, if you want to advertise Schiit or Douchebags on the public airwaves to an English-speaking audience, you’ll probably run into roadblocks.

But good luck getting NPR’s Scott Simon or “The View” ladies to talk about Schiit headphones or Douchebags backpacks.

Pull up a chair, my little dears, and I’m going to tell you a sad tale of fallen words, a story about how little dears – or should I say words for ‘little’ and for ‘dear’ – started out lovely and beloved and ended up scorned and scornful.

It also gave rise to Latin carus ‘dear’, which is the source of such words as French chéri(e) and English charity.

And it also gave rise to Proto-Slavic *kury and to Germanic *hōraz, *hōrǭ, and *hōrą.

The meaning of *kury foretells the sense of its descendants in all of the Slavic languages: ‘whore’.

This barely begins to address the thorny and twisted social attitudes towards sex work, of course – it’s just an insight into etymology and the effects of ide…

The book also features what appears to be the word’s antonym: the phrase ass up.

So what do slang experts have on unass and ass up?

GDoS also has two senses for ass up: ‘take drugs’, in US Black slang, and as part of the phrase ass up to, meaning ‘toady to, curry favour’, dating to at least 1970 per the Dictionary of American Regional English.

Wiktionary has unass ‘get out of (a vehicle or building)’, and there are some inevitable half-assed entries in Urban Dictionary.

But you can bet your arse I’ll find a way to use unass in conversation today.

On my blog about British words and expressions adopted in America, Not One-Off-Britishisms, I’ve written briefly a couple of times about “bollocks,” originally meaning testicles and since used in all sorts of colorful ways.

I imagine that the move to acceptability occurred following the 1977 album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here’s the Sex Pistols.

It’s this: American “bollix up” does not derive from “ballocks”=”testicles,” but rather from an older verb with a different etymology, “ball.” The OED‘s first definition: “Of a shoe (esp.

Also with the horse as subject.” The dictionary has citations, all but one American, dating from 1760.

The expression “balls-up,” mentioned previously, meaning a b…

Rather than see masks as an annoyance, why not regard them as an opportunity for self-expression?

(Hat tip: Jordie Welles)Here’s a highly specific sport mask for baseball fans who give zero fucks about rival pastimes.

Each of these perky designs—I’m a Ray of Fucking Sunshine, Fresh Out of Fucks, and Zero Fucks Given—will set you back $14.

used in place of an obscenity, especially in comic strips.” Logo-adorned swag includes pillows, mugs, T-shirts, notebooks, and, of course, reusable masks.

You can also buy the fabric by the yard for sewing your own masks, curtains, quilts—you name it.

Once upon a time, dear StrongLangers, we made a promise to keep you regularly updated with interesting sweary tidbits from the Wide World of Web.

It has been, we note with embarrassment, more than 30 months since we posted Sweary Links #25.

Not with 30 months of links: are you fucking kidding?

An excerpt:Scripts were sent to Ian Martin, a comedy writer from Lancashire tasked with making the swearing more creative.

pic.twitter.com/Yh3gB7B4A4 — Jesse Sheidlower (@jessesheidlower) May 12, 2020*[Dont forget to say “tennis.” Don’t forget to say “tennis.” Don’t forget to say “tennis”…] pic.twitter.com/X3Ia2CRqkA — David Hobby (@strobist) May 17, 2020*Question posed:Question answered:*How should w…

When John Boorman and his team were filming Deliverance in rural southeast US, they faced difficulties not only in handling the unforgiving location but also in making certain scenes suitable for eventual TV broadcasting.

One scene in particular proved a challenge: Jon Voight and Ned Beatty’s brutal encounter with two sadistic locals in the woods.

According to Boorman, the film’s producers suggested that he shoot the scene two different ways, so that there’d be a version suitable for TV.

That directive led to the film’s most famous line, spoken by Bill McKinney playing Mountain Man: ‘Squeal like a pig’ (squeallikeapig.com, incidentally, was McKinney’s website address).

‘Squeal like a pig’ w…

Where ordinary words water our worlds with a garden hose, taboo words open a fire hydrant.

Cognitive psychologists rely on this fact; they sometimes use taboo words as distractors in stimulus-response experiments to slow down responses in contrast with ordinary words.

So why do we use taboo words in certain circumstances?

Taboo words are charged with a strong emotion and a sense of danger and of breaking norms, and they zap the discourse with that charge when we deploy them.

Language is behaviour, and loose use of taboo language is by definition misbehaviour.

And here in the virtual Strong Language enclave, we’re thinking about illness-inspired swearing.

But in two European languages, Dutch and Yiddish, the tradition of sickness-cursing is alive and thriving.

In American English you “laugh your ass off”; in Dutch you “laugh yourself the pleurisy” (lachen je de pleuris).

(Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the thin layers of tissue that separate the lungs from the chest wall.)

A kramp (a kram, a kortsh) im in layb (in boyakh, in di kishkes, in di gederem, in di finger).

This comes to us from aviation, where the throttles are topped with knobs and are pushed fully forward for maximum power.

First, the OED has no record of the term “monkey” or “brass monkey” used this way.

And third, a pyramid of cannonballs on the rolling deck of a wooden ship is a laughably bad idea.

In literature, in the period circa 1850–1930, we find examples of “blow the nose off a brass monkey,” “shave the whiskers off a brass monkey,” “freeze the tail off a brass monkey,” and Thomas Wolfe wrote “It would freeze the balls off a brass monkey — that’s how cold it gets.” It’s looking pretty solid that we’re talking testicles here.

It ain’t his natural stuff, he couldn’t break a wind-er p…

Right, Wrong, and RelativeA while ago at work, I ran into a common problem: trying to decide whether to stop editing out a usage I don’t like.

But this time, I kept thinking about what makes a usage right or wrong and how we as editors decide which rules to enforce and which ones to let slide.

Even if all the copy editors in the English-speaking world were to edit it out, it will likely continue to thrive in speech and unedited text.

Some usage dictionaries have relied on corpus data to find out what actual usage is, though finding out what usage is doesn’t tell us which usage is right.

It mostly doesn’t attempt to declare what’s right and wrong.

First off, those little dots that appear in words like coöperation aren’t umlauts: they’re diaereses.

That is, the second o in coöperate has a diaeresis over it, but you’d say that the New Yorker uses diaereses in words with doubled vowels.

The word diaeresis comes from the Ancient Greek word for ‘division’, from diairein ‘to divide, separate’, from dia– ‘apart’ + hairein ‘take’.

Umlauts look just like diaereses—you could call diaereses and umlauts homoglyphic—but they’re used in a very different way and have a distinct origin.

For example, the modern German word schön was written schoene in Middle High German (around 1050 to 1350 AD).

For example, “He wants to try and kill her” instead of “He wants to try to kill her.” I heard the usage on British TV, so it’s not just American.

But the “try” version is normally restricted to the infinitive (“He intends to try and stop us”) or the imperative (“Try and stop us!”).

One study found that the British “used try and (where they could have said try to) over 71% of the time in speech and 24% of the time in writing,” Murphy writes.

“The American figures were 24% for speech and 5% in writing.” (The study she cites is “Try to or Try and?

Another study, Murphy says, shows that older, educated people in the UK “prefer try to a bit more, but those under forty-five say try and 85% of the…

Q: I keep seeing “precipitous decline” used for a drop that’s beneficial.

For example, “a precipitous decline in the deficit” during the Obama administration (Daily Kos), or “a precipitous decline in Covid-19 cases” in New York (USA Today).

But we think that even today, a “precipitous” fall implies a change for the worse, not for the better.

Here are a few more of the early uses we’ve found: “rash & precipitous censure” (1609); “an act of extreme impiety or precipitous arrogancie” (1612); “so precipitous & inconsiderate” (1620); “Folly, lightnesse, unadvisednesse, and a precipitous nature” (1622); “the precipitous nature of the Prince, and the ill offices he had done already” (1632); “not p…

Q: I would be interested to know where the term “Jiggs dinner” comes from.

A: The expression “Jiggs dinner” comes from Bringing Up Father, a comic strip created by the cartoonist George McManus in the early 20th century.

Jiggs’s favorite meal, corned beef and cabbage, became known as a “Jiggs dinner.”Green’s Dictionary of Slang defines the terms “Jiggs” and “Jiggs and Maggie” as “corned beef and cabbage,” and says the usage was popularized in the comic strip.

The Canadian Encyclopedia website says “Jiggs’ dinner is a staple of outport (rural) Newfoundland cuisine.

“Much of the settlement in Newfoundland came from Irish immigration, so it is not surprising that so much of the food and cultur…

Q: Is “one percent” singular or plural in this clause: “the students believed that only one percent of their faculty [was/were] conservative”?

A: “Percent” can be used with both singular and plural verbs.

Generally, it takes a plural verb when followed by “of” plus a plural noun, and a singular verb when followed by “of” plus a singular noun.

What’s at work here is the principle of notional agreement.

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For example, the past participle of the verb hieran (to hear) was gehiered (heard).

The Old English gehiered (heard), for instance, was variously hered, herrd, herd, etc., in Middle English writing.

“Something wicked this way comes” (Macbeth, early 1600s).

However, writers continued to drop the final syllable of “-ed” words despite the objections of lexicographers and pronunciation guides.

The past participle of a weak verb was formed by adding “-ed,” “-ad,” “-od,” or “-ud” to the stem.

Young, a Methodist, won a Silver Star for his efforts, but he’s not so sure how churchmen back home will take to a man of God leading troops in battle.

If what I did was morally wrong then God will be my judge.”Sin Buster used his hands, his eyes, and his face to accentuate his words.

“Okay, let them have it,” Chap shouted, and the GI up front stuck his rifle inside and blasted away.

“You might say he had his whole day ruined,” Sin Buster said.

Sin Buster helped the wounded US soldiers aboard medical helicopters when the fighting came to an end.

In Britain, where this sense of “bottom” originated, the usage first appeared in print as a sporting term in boxing, according to OED citations.

She [Margaret Thatcher] had had that bottom” (the Independent, Nov. 30, 1989).

And we suspect that a reference to Margaret Thatcher’s “bottom” would evoke quite a different image today.

It was then spelled botm, which remained the usual spelling throughout the Old English period, the OED says.

The use of “bottom” that we’re discussing here, meaning stamina, pluck, endurance, and so on (1747), falls within this category.

A: Thanks for drawing our attention to that 2006 post about “willy-nilly,” one of the oldest posts on our blog, and one in need of an update.

As it turns out, early versions of “willy-nilly” showed up in Anglo-Saxon times, seven centuries before the usage appeared in Shakespeare.

As of now, the dictionary doesn’t have any examples of “willy-nilly” in the usual modern sense of haphazardly.

The earliest example we’ve seen is from the English poet Edward FitzGerald’s 1859 translation of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam:Into this Universe, and why not knowing,Nor whence, like Water willy-nilly flowing:And out of it, as Wind along the Waste,I know not whither, willy-nilly blowing.

Help support the G…

Q: Any wisdom on why Americans say “on Main Street” and the British say “in the High Street” for, well, the main street in a town?

A: “High Street,” a chiefly British term for the main shopping road in a town or city, is much older than “Main Street,” its American counterpart.

(If you’re wondering why “Main St.” has a period in the title of this post and “High St” doesn’t, the first illustrates American usage and the second British usage.)

The term “high” here meant chief, principal, or main.

Although the term first showed up in London, Oxford defines “main street” now as “the principal street of a town, esp.

Q: In a TV film I caught, an American teenager expostulates, “I’m so not coming here again.” I’ve been dimly aware of this “so not” construction for about 10 years, but till now I’ve never asked myself where it comes from and what it’s doing.

A: The “so not” in statements like this means “emphatically not,” according to the Oxford English Dictionary.

The “so” is an intensifier that emphasizes the “not.”You could paraphrase “I’m so not coming here again” as “I’m sure not [or definitely not or certainly not] coming here again.”The usage has been found in published writing since the late 1990s, but it was undoubtedly heard sooner in casual speech.

Note that the author uses italics to emphasize…

Q: How do you interpret a negative construction with “or” rather than “and”?

A: Most negative constructions with “or” and “and” are pretty straightforward.

“A pie without strawberries and cherries is awful” means that a pie without both of them is awful.

You may be thinking of the complications that arise when the word “both” appears in certain kinds of negative constructions.

Put the negative part where it belongs: One of the children, not both, got the flu.

Q: After reading your article about “hard” and “hardly,” my thoughts wandered to “hard of hearing.” Where did this originate?

Why don’t we talk about “hard of seeing,” “hard of tasting,” etc.?

A: The phrase “hard of” has been used in this way since the early 14th century.

So the expression “in nesh and hard” meant in all circumstances—that is, in easy times and hard.

The phrase “hard of hearing” appeared in writing more than two centuries later: “The testatrixe was hard of hearinge.” From a deposition in a 1564-65 case about a will, cited in Child-Marriages, Divorces, and Ratifications, etc.

Q: I have a question about this passage from Shakespeare: “Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore.” I’ve never seen “like as” used this way before.

When “like as” introduced a clause, the word “like” was “an emphatic modifier” of “as,” according to the Oxford English Dictionary.

A bit later in the 15th century, “like as” began being used “for emphasis or clarity” when introducing a subordinate clause “preceding the main clause introduced by anaphoric so,” according to Oxford.

(The anaphoric so here refers readers to the subordinate clause).

The passage from Shakespeare that you’re asking about introduces a subordinate clause at the beginning of Sonnet 60: “Like as the waves make t…

Of course, for all practical purposes the word hasn’t changed, either in its meaning or in the way it’s used.

In the scholarly comprehensive grammars, the word has merely shifted in some cases from one lexical category (adverb) to another (preposition).

Used with a complement, they’re said to be “transitive prepositions”; used without one, they’re “intransitive prepositions.”The newer interpretation has only gradually made its way into major books on English grammar.

In this book, words that Quirk had previously classified as either postmodifying adverbs or prepositional adverbs are newly categorized as prepositions.

The Cambridge Grammar uses “transitive” for prepositions that have a compl…

« previous post |The focus of this post is the expression lào yīngwén, where the yīngwén part is written 英文 in characters and means "English".

In written Taiwan Mandarin, it may be written with the following characters: lào 烙, liào 撂, luò 落.

Although excellence in English affords many benefits, there are countercurrents to the growing influence of the language.

Here are the Abstract and beginning parts of Su's chapter:AbstractAnalyzing language attitudes toward English in Taiwan, this chapter explores the slang term lào yīngwén, roughly meaning 'to speak English fluently (in a showy manner)', often with a jocular and disapproving connotation.

These rapidly changing developments pertaining t…

I have a Jenna Ellis joke, but I can’t tell you what it is you just have to believe me — Asha Rangappa (@AshaRangappa_) November 28, 2020I have a joke about bleach but it’s too clean.

🎉 (@WinkiesWord) November 28, 2020Deleting this attempt at a joke because a large number of people did not see that it was a joke.

pic.twitter.com/7IkODxsfBh — Jeff Kosseff (@jkosseff) November 28, 2020I've got a Heisenberg joke, but if I tell it to you, I can't give you the punchline.

https://t.co/z5lEewNQ7m — Michael E. Mann (@MichaelEMann) November 28, 2020I have a joke, but Alan Dershowitz won't like it because it's more than 15 years old.

(@skinnycoolkid) November 28, 2020I have a “I have a joke” joke, bu…

« previous post |A key concept in traditional Chinese phonology is the distinction between "clear" (qīng 清) and "muddy / turbid / murky" (zhuó 濁).

Roughly speaking, the linguistic and musical correlations are qīng 清 ("clear; high pitch") and zhuó 濁 ("muddy; low pitch").

Qīng 清 "clear" and zhuó 濁 "murky" describe absence or presence of voicing in syllable initials.

(source)]On p. 30 there is this explanation:The primary division of the initials is into qīng 'clear' and zhuó muddy'.

Qīng designates the voiceless initials; the qīng initials are further divided into quánqīng 'completely clear', the voiceless unaspirated initials, and ciqing 'secondarily clear', the voiceless aspirated initials.

« previous post |Yesterday, I learned a new bit of legal jargon: "upon information and belief".

by excluding Republican and Trump Campaign observers from the canvassing of the mail ballots in order to conceal their decision not to enforce [certain ballot] requirements.” Second Am.

So is the claim that, “[u]pon information and belief, a substantial portion of the approximately 1.5 million absentee and mail votes in Defendant Counties should not have been counted.” Id.

“Upon information and belief” is a lawyerly way of saying that the Campaign does not know that something is a fact but just suspects it or has heard it.

It is often used in a phrase similar to: "The plaintiff is informed and be…

In such cases, one has to work extra hard to figure out how the translator arrived at the hilarious results with which we are presented.

In other words, we have to reconstruct the original on the basis of the mistranslated English.

In the present situation, it is much easier because we also have the original Chinese text.

Dìngxíng: Liáng gān hòu, yòng gāngzhēn shūzi shū dào yuánlái de fǎxíng.

After simplification, hòu 后, which originally meant "empress", has been borrowed to stand for hòu 後 ("after; rear; later; behind, back"), without losing the meaning "empress"The perils of translating into English without really knowing English.

Anyway, what I find most curious about this is that the Guardian article glosses the word 'pibe' as 'urchin', which is not entirely correct, and many other newspapers in the UK seem to have run with this epithet for Maradona.

Wiktionary agrees that pibe is a general (Buenos Aires area) term for "Persona que se encuentra en la adolescencia o juventud", and the Wikipedia article confirms this.

I share David Lobina's impression that urchin seems a bit old-fashioned, but Google Books ngrams doesn't really support us:Some of the "Maradona as urchin" examples:[link] This sense of freedom was only deepened by Maradona’s own impoverished background, and how he was often somewhat disparagingly descr…

« previous post |Today's xkcd:Mouseover title: "Do you feel like the answer depends on whether you're currently in the hole, versus when you refer to the events later after you get out?

Assuming you get out."

[…]The first Urban Dictionary entry for the phrase "Release the Kraken" was submitted on March 31st, 2010, defined as "to pwn or to kick the ass of whomever you're releasing the kraken on."

In this universe, the Kraken is a monster created by Hades, the lord of hell.

Only her blood will sate the Kraken, and Zeus, who you have so offended.

The Kraken is duly unleased, and as it starts to destroy Argos, Hades confronts Zeus:Your browser does not support the audio element.

HADES: Argos has fallen.

It is referred to as jiǎgǔwén 甲骨文 ("oracle bone writing") and was used primarily (almost exclusively) for the purpose of divination.

The observations in the above paragraph are based on my own investigations and on information supplied to me by colleagues who are knowledgeable in oracle bone studies.

The Shang rulers, on the other hand, made oracle bone divination into something still more grand and ritualistic than the Mongols.

(10/28/16)"The concept of word in Sinitic" (10/3/18)"Oracle" (3/21/14)Rowan K. Flad, "Divination and Power: A Multiregional View of the Development of Oracle Bone Divination in Early China", Current Anthropology , 49.3 (June 2008), 403-437., 49.3 (June 2008), 403-43…

I have a couple of questions about Sino-Japanese historical linguistics, which I have not been able to find an answer to elsewhere.

In the case of 京, the development of Middle Chinese seems to have been something like /kiaŋ/ > /kiŋ/.

With Middle Chinese coda -ŋ regularly corresponding to -u/-i in Sino-Japanese, the Go-on lines up well with the earlier Middle Chinese form, and the Kan-on with the later form.

The development of the word in Middle Chinese seems to have been something like /li̯ək/ > /lik/, similar to the development of the rhyme in 京.

One would expect ryoku, the Kan-on, to correspond to the earlier Chinese form, and riki (Go-on) to correspond to the later Chinese.

« previous post |I've always been intrigued by the Chinese expression "eat vinegar" (chīcù 吃醋) meaning "be jealous".

The monosyllabic form (dù 妒) is ancient, going back to classical times.

In fact, Jīdū 基督 is a short form of Jīlìsīdū 基利斯督, which is a transcription of "Christ", from Ancient Greek Χριστός (Khristós).

Back to "eat vinegar" (chīcù 吃醋) meaning "be jealous".

Since I'm writing about vinegar, I should not fail to mention that Chris Button has long wondered whether Middle Persian "sik" (vinegar), presumably related to Turkic "sirke", might have anything to do with 醋/酢?

Because DeSoto is eat up with coronavirus cases.”I'd never heard "is eat up" before, so I wondered whether it might be a typo.

I searched on the phrase "is eat up" and, aside from coincidental other occurrences, found "Wife's stepsister is eat up with BLM" and "I’m from South Carolina and my Facebook is eat up with this dumb crap!!!"

The phrase "eat up with", meaning something like "full of (or consumed by) something negatively evaluated", is definitely Out There.

If he had been so very agreeable, he would have talked to Mrs. Long.

Raffling and Fidling, and Piping and Singing,There's rare doings at Bath.

« previous post |"We're working on mass distribution of the virus."

Steve Mnuchin, who we hope is working on mass distribution of the ~vaccine~ and not the virus.

pic.twitter.com/DqaTC1ZTmD — The Recount (@therecount) November 20, 2020Your browser does not support the audio element.

Well we- we- we- we- we hope it won'tand again you know we're working on mass distributionof the virusuh and againFor more on word-substitution errors like Mnuchin's virus for vaccine, see "Defendants wrongly committed of a crime", 8/4/2011.

I haven't been able to locate a recording of the longer interview that this came from — please let me know in the comments if you find it.

So I was excited when I found a quote that seems to unite these two genres, but with a twist.

The quote, as given below (sans ellipsis), is on pp.

Inhabitants of temperate zones do not appreciate the importance of water to everyday life as do the inhabitants of equatorial deserts.

For example, there is no one word in the English language that means ‘to die of thirst,’ yet in Arabic there are eight degrees of thirst […] Arabs express thirst in terms of simple thirst, burning thirst, vehement thirst, burning thirst with dizziness, and lastly excessive thirst – the thirst that kills.

I would be very interested to see what your correspondents make of this passage, especially those versed in Ara…

« previous post |Recently, two vaccine companies have presented evidence that their vaccines are respectively “90% effective” and “94½% effective”.

The articles report that the same large number of people got the vaccine and a placebo and of the first 95 people to show up with the disease 90% (94½%) came from the group that didn’t get the vaccine.

In other words, if you got the disease the chances are 9 in 10 you didn’t get the vaccine.

Thus 90% of the infected folks came from the placebo group and it is reported that the vaccine was “90% effective”.

In the words of the drug companies, the vaccine would be 90% effective in both experiments, whereas nether experiment suggests anything like w…

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Let's start with the Egyptian Language Deprivation experiment of the 7th century BCE. Here children were raised by a shepard without language. They ended up saying something close to phrygian bekos. However, this was quite probably a mishearing of the ULTRAFRENCH. "both the children fell before him in entreaty and uttered the word bekos, stretching forth their hands." makes sense when you consider that they may have needed to use the toilet. I think there are many posibilities when we consider the ultrafrench words "βεκως" (outhouse), "βεκ" (spade), "ος" (bone), "κος" (seedpod), "βη" (the colour bay), "Βε" (bayeaux), among many others. They could've been saying βεκως because they needed the…

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that's it. that's the joke. submitted by /u/that_orange_hat [link] [comments]

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Help spread the Lingthusiasm for our fourth anniversary!

To celebrate, we’re asking you to introduce the show to people who would be totally into a linguistics podcast, if only they knew it existed!

You can also experience Lingthusiasm through your eyeballs, since all Lingthusiasm episodes have human-edited transcripts.

Share a link to a Lingthusiasm episode you enjoyed!

(But you can still feel free to tell us about your private recs on social media if you’d like to be thanked!)

Transcript Lingthusiasm Episode 50This is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 50: Climbing the sonority mountain from A to P. It’s been lightly edited for readability.

Lauren: But that’s really the vowel happening there not the /p/.

I don’t think that’s offensive to German speakers, but you do wanna double check these things.

It’s somewhere between “blick” and “lbick” on the spectrum of like, okay, this doesn’t sound like it’s an English word.

Gretchen: If you’re really trying to spell it out, like “Go get the /pɹɪzɪm/,” you could maybe put a vowel there.

Lingthusiasm Episode 50: Climbing the sonority mountain from A to P“Blick” is not a word of English.

We also talk about the incredibly weird case of S.—This month’s bonus episode is a behind the scenes look at the creation of Crash Course Linguistics!

We’re joined by Jessi Grieser, the third member of our linguistics content team behind the scripts of Crash Course Linguistics.

Also, Crash Course Linguistics videos are coming out every Friday!

To receive an email whenever a new episode drops, sign up for the Lingthusiasm mailing list.

Lauren: So we have a picture on the website, you can see it as I’m presenting this picture to Gretchen.

And I’m presenting her with a thing she has never seen before and I say, “Gretchen, this is called a wug.”Gretchen: Okay.

Lauren: It’s a cute, little, blue, boopy, bird-like thing.

Lauren: You have passed what is known as the Wug Test.

Gretchen: So, the Wug Test was a test that was created in, I think it was 1958, by Jean Berko Gleason, who was actually an undergrad at the time?

A big project for Lingthusiasm in 2020 has been collaborating on a series of 10 minute intro linguistics videos with Crash Course, a big educational youtube channel.

In this bonus episode of Lingthusiasm, Gretchen and Lauren are joined by Jessi Grieser, the third member of our linguistics content team behind the scripts of Crash Course Linguistics!

Crash Course Linguistics videos are available now and coming out weekly!

We also have a Crash Course channel in the Lingthusiasm Discord to chat about each episode!

Listen to the honorifics bonus episode and get access to 44 more bonus episodes by supporting Lingthusiasm on Patreon.

Transcript Episode 49: How translators approach a textThis is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 49: How translators approach a text.

So, we’ve been reading it section by section, and different members of the book club have picked different translations into English of the same work.

Gretchen: Different translations – and a lot of them have conventional names that literary scholars have used to talk about the characters.

That’s just different decisions that different translations can use.

You can see where translation really does require this understanding of vocabulary choice and style choice and how it can all go really, really wrong.

Check out the 2020 LingComm Grant winnersIn 2020 we gave out 4 LingComm Grants.

The 2020 LingComm Grants were $500 (USD) to support a linguistics communication project that brings linguistics to new audiences in engaging ways.

We plan to keep tweaking the structure of the LingComm Grants in future years based on what we’ve learned.

If you’re thinking of starting a lingcomm project, or any scicomm project, check out the resources page on the LingComm Grants website.

Twitter: @AnansaBenbowFollow The Black Language Podcast on various podcast platforms and @blacklangpod on Twitter and on Instagram.

In this episode of Lingthusiasm, your hosts Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne get enthusiastic about the relationship of the translator and the text.

You can also download an mp3 via the Soundcloud page for offline listening, and stay tuned for a transcript of this episode on the Lingthusiasm website.

To receive an email whenever a new episode drops, sign up for the Lingthusiasm mailing list.

Being a patron gives you access to bonus content and lets you help decide on Lingthusiasm topics.

Email us at contact [at] lingthusiasm [dot] comGretchen is on Twitter as @GretchenAMcC and blogs at All Things Linguistic.

Transcript Episode 48: Who you are in high school, linguistically speaking - Interview with Shivonne GatesThis is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 48: Who you are in high school, linguistically speaking - Interview with Shivonne Gates.

I ended up at the University of Sheffield and really, really loved it because there was a lot of flexibility in what we were able to study.

It’s really, really quite different.

I think that’s a real shame when that’s such an integral part of who you are and your identity.

Lauren: Of course, even though you don’t do linguistics research in your day-to-day job, you are always a linguist.

Most Esteemed and Venerable Audience!

In this episode, your hosts Lauren and Gretchen get enthusiastic about honorifics.

We talk about how various languages encode social hierarchies in grammar, vocabulary, and the ways we address people.

Which, of course, takes us into a small detour into how “thou” has switched in English and the faux-archaic musical genre of bardcore.

Listen to the honorifics bonus episode and get access to 43 more bonus episodes by supporting Lingthusiasm on Patreon.

Lingthusiasm Episode 48: Who you are in high school, linguistically speaking - Interview with Shivonne GatesHigh school is a time when people really notice small social details, such as how you dress or what vowels you’re using.

We talk about her research on accents in the UK, doing collaborative research with young people, and linguistics research jobs outside of academia.

Help Lingthusiasm stay ad-free and get access to over 40 bonus episodes by supporting us on Patreon.

Announcements:We have teamed up with Crash Course to write the 16 video series Crash Course Linguistics.

Lingthusiasm is created by Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne.

Merch with WugsWe’re now selling a limited range of custom design merch adorned with wugs.

The 1958 wug – which is in the public domain – has become a mascot for linguistics; profits from the sale of this merch will go towards the 2021 LingComm Grants.

Our merch with wugs range includes:For more wug links, including Jean Berko Gleason’s 1958 creation of the wug, how copyright and fair use apply to wug fanworks, and wug art and merch by various people, we’ve compiled an FAQ about the wug, which we will keep updated here.

Pangrams are sentences that contain all of the letters of the alphabet, like the famous “the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” and the more obscure “Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow!”.

In this episode, Gretchen and Lauren get enthusiastic about pangrams and the further questions that they raise about the structure of various languages.

Tell us about your favourite pangrams on the Lingthusiasm Discord in the #new-episodes channel!

(Or if you’re reading this from the future, feel free to revive the topic of pangrams in the #old-episodes channel!)

Listen to the lingcomm on a budget bonus episode and get access to 42 more bonus episodes by supporting Lingthusiasm on Patreon.

Transcript Episode 47: The happy fun big adjective episodeThis is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 47: The happy fun big adjective episode.

English is a language that’s very prone to bringing words to cross over into other lexical categories.

I mean, I just said the “really adjective-y adjectives,” which makes “adjective,” which is itself a noun, into an adjective.

They call them “property concepts” because it’s not clear that all of them are actually adjectives.

I mean, kind of the Greek and Latin one except not entirely because they didn’t actually necessarily think adjectives were entirely their own thing.

Lingthusiasm Episode 47: The happy fun big adjective episodeAdjectives: they’re big, they’re fun, they’re…maybe non-existent?

In English, we have a fairly straightforward category of adjectives: they’re words that can get described with a comparative or a superlative, such as “bigger” or “most fun”.

In this episode, your hosts Lauren Gawne and Gretchen McCulloch get enthusiastic about adjectives!

–This month’s bonus episode is about doing LingComm on a budget - plus the Lingthusiasm origin story!

To receive an email whenever a new episode drops, sign up for the Lingthusiasm mailing list.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

Allusionist listeners get a 30-day free trial at acorn.tv if you use the code allusionist.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

The Allusionist is the best work I’ve ever done.

Here is my Twitter statement from when I found out about it all, and another a few days later in support of the PRX staff.

Bear in mind that I don’t work at PRX and therefore have limited insight into what has happened and is happening there.

I have, however, been part of Radiotopia, a network with a mostly white line-up.

The relevant part for you is if you have donated to Radiotopia to support this show, your largesse will no longer reach me.

CREDITS:Back in two weeks with a new episode - HZThis month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• BetterHelp online licensed professional counselling.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

The word for ‘ghostwriter’ in French is a racist slur. How did THAT come about? And what word could French-speakers say instead?

So maybe I can dismiss these signs of respect because I haven't had to demand respect as a human being.

Oh, that's sweeet; but I'm going to name it after the town in England where my nanny's from, because I'm homesick.

And I still hear a lot of people who cannot remember what you're supposed to call a male flight attendant.

And I've been trying to see if there any particular patterns in the ways that gendered language is gender things.

Could it be that I only don't like it when there's the implication of some kind of social change attached?

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

The Allusionist is a member of the podcast collective Radiotopia from PRX.

Download his songs at palebirdmusic.com and hear more of his composition on the new science podcast for kids Maddie’s Sound Explorers.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

Go to squarespace.com/allusion for a free trial, and use the code ALLUSION to get 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

The Allusionist is part of the podcast collective Radiotopia from PRX.

CREDITS:The Allusionist is part of Radiotopia from PRX, a collective of excellent podcasts.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

CREDITS:The Allusionist is part of Radiotopia from PRX, a collective of excellent podcasts.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

CREDITS:The Allusionist is part of Radiotopia from PRX, a collective of excellent podcasts.

This month, the Allusionist is sponsored by:• Bombas socks, thoughtfully engineered for comfort and durability - and for every pair of socks you buy, Bombas donates a pair to someone in need.

Allusionist listeners get 10% off the original base game Catan at catanshop.com/allusionist by using the promo code ALLUSIONIST at checkout.

Get started today at betterhelp.com/allusionist and receive a 10% discount off your first month with the discount code ALLUSIONIST.

For 10% off your first air purifier order, visit molekule.com and at checkout enter the code allusionist10.

The Scots language didn’t have much of an LGBTQ+ lexicon.

Read more about Josie’s work on the LGBTQ+ lexicon, including a lot more terms, at bit.ly/lgbtscots.

There are some previous Allusionist episodes that go alongside this episode, including:Oot in the Open, about the Scots language, oppressed for hundreds of years and even people of my generation were beaten at school for using it.

Queer, about the changing usage of the word ‘queer’.

And for Pride month, there’s this early episode about the choice of the word ‘pride’.

Content note: though the episode is educational and thoroughly untitillating - I know, I know, what a disappointment - the nature of the topic is such that the episode may not be suitable for all audiences or circumstances.

About winged penises.

Very interesting history of Holywell Street, the hotbed of Victorian porn bookshops that has since been demolished.

About the Secret Museum in Naples, where the excavated Pompeiian sexual art was bricked up for 100 years.

Read the first appearance of ‘pornographer’ in Athenaeus’s Deipnosophistae, if you so wish…

More information about how the 1939 poster campaign was put together…then taken apart.

This video about the poster turning up at Barter Books makes Barter Books look like the prettiest bookshop in the world!

Most fun way to stabilise bookcases I can think of.

More background about the poster campaign from the Imperial War Museum.

By Owen Hatherley: “The poster isn’t just a case of the return of the repressed, it is rather the return of repression itself.

You can now listen to all Talk the Talk episodes by copying and pasting this URL into your pod listener thing.

http://danielmidgley.com/talkthetalk/talk_classic.xml

CEDAR: Yeah, yeah.

BEN: Yeah, yeah.

CEDAR: Yeah, yeah.

CEDAR: Yeah, yeah.

Yeah, yeah, yeah.

We’re talking to pronoun expert Dennis Baron on this episode of Talk the Talk.

(with Dennis Baron)Download this episodePromoTtT promo 2020-02-18 with Tom Reynolds: Theyhttps://www.patreon.com/posts/34128392Patreon extras for this episodeEpisode 394: What’s Your Pronoun?

(with Dennis Baron) coming soonReflections on 394: What’s Your Pronoun?

394: What’s Your Pronoun?

Become a Patreon supporter yourself and get access to bonus audio and video, extra blog posts, Talk the Talk merch, our infamous Leave That In!

We’re listening to your responses on this episode of Talk the Talk.

Listen to this episode393: Push and Pull (Live Q&A)Download this episodePromoTtT promo 2020-02-12 with Tom Reynolds: Pushhttps://www.patreon.com/posts/33954936Patreon extras for this episodeEpisode 393: Push and Pull for everyonePatreon supportersWe’re very grateful for the support from our burgeoning community of patrons, includingAdieCarolinChrisdcctor wohLyssaTermyBobKristoferMattAndrewKittyLord MortisHelenBinhJackNigelDamienDustinLarryMichaelWhitneyGillesYou’re helping us to keep the talk happening!

Become a Patreon supporter yourself and get access to bonus audio and video, extra blog posts, Talk the Talk merch, our in…

George uses some research into the etymology of coronavirus to launch into a way to build a story around the etymology of a word.

In the last episode of Conlangery, I repeated a commonly stated etymology of coronavirus, stating that it was named for its “crown-like spikes”.

I noticed their etymology didn’t match the one that I had heard on the news and repeated on the show.

When coming up with words, I often actually do a little research on the actual object I’m naming.

Did the speakers know about this concept thousands of years ago, or is it something they just recently encountered?

George and Joey Windsor use the various names of COVID-19 as a jumping off point to talk about naming diseases.

Note that this episode was recorded in May, and quite a lot has changed in the intervening time.

Top of Show Greeting: ChátsuSpecial mentions (from top of show note): A list of BLM charities, When We Stay In, Corley English (YouTube, Bilibili, website)LInks and Resources:

Links:Script:Welcome to Conlangery, the podcast about constructed languages and the people who create them.

In what time I have, I’ve been able to do a little bit of conlanging, and I wanted to share a little bit about my plans there.

Before we get to that, Conlangery is entirely supported by our patrons on Patreon.

I’m going to link to the Google Docs where I’m working on these languages so people can look at what I’ve done so far.

I’m probably going to be seeking feedback about my migrations and such, as I’m getting a bit out of my depth there.

George brings on David J Peterson and Jesse Sams to talk about their new livestreaming adventure, LangTime Studio.

Top of Show Greeting: NekāchtiTranscript

So, “The river runs north,” versus, “I ran a six-minute mile.” I think that’s a pretty clear example.

George: That’s really interesting the way that you do that.

That’s really interesting, especially taking into consideration that it is a posteriori and so you had to work within historical context.

George: That’s great.

Follow us on Facebook, Tumblr, and Twitter by searching for “Conlangery.” Conlangery is entirely supported by our patrons at Patreon.

Как связаны Иисус, фокус-покус и айфоны, откуда Нолан взял ключевое слово «Довода» и как сочинить действенное заклинание? Лингвист Оксана Калмыкова — о логике магических языков от древних манускриптов до современного фэнтези. https://knife.media/language-of-magic/

В комментариях справедливо уточнили, что речь не о шотландском гэльском, а о германском варианте (scots), который больше похож на английский, но явно не до степени смешения.

Пользователь Реддита выяснил, что почти все статьи Википедии, написанные на шотландском — языковая бессмыслица. Один и тот же человек на протяжении многих лет «переводил» английские статьи на шотландский, пользуясь единственным онлайн-словарем. Если слово не находилось, то его просто оставляли на английском. Самое веселое, что редактировал все это американец, в принципе не владеющий языком. В результате, шотландская Википедия выглядит так, как если бы Дэвид Теннант читал вслух ее английскую версию.

Придется поделиться с вами и @lingvojokes этим, не могу больше держать такое сокровище у себя

✅ Порция лингвоссылок: ➡️ Откуда взялись автомобилистки, авиаторши и циклистки на Снобе — опять о феминитивах. Помимо авиаторш и авиаторок, бывают еще и авиатрисы, оказывается. Местами все это напоминает попытки сказать «человек, который спит» одним словом: спатель, спун, спец, спляк. ➡️ Очередной нейросервис — This Word Does Not Exist (видимо, младший брат нашумевшего This Person Does Not Exist). Конструирует несуществующие слова, неотличимые от существующих. Они настолько похожи на «настоящие», что даже хочется проверить в словаре — действительно ли они не существуют. ➡️ Мы тут недавно рассуждали о принципиальной разнице между диалектами английского и русского. А вот пост на Хабре об отли…

Канадская романистка с волшебным именем Эмили Сэнт-Джон Мэндел узнала, как растёт доля книг со словом girl в названии и написала об этом статью «Исчезнувшая девушка с татуировкой дракона в поезде». Там много забавной статистики.

— только каждую пятую из таких книг пишет мужчина;

— 65% из заглавных girls —вполне себе великовозрастные женщины;

— зато в книгах авторов-мужчин заглавная girl втрое чаще погибает или пропадает;

— и, наконец, самое страшное: похоже, что пик тренда ещё не достигнут, и нам предстоит ещё прочитать много книг про девушек с разными татуировками в разных видах транспорта. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-gone-girl-with-the-dragon-tattoo-on-the-train/

Сайт словаря Merriam-Webster предлагает небольшой и увлекательный квиз по названиям английских цветов. Очень пригодятся знания романских языков: в корнях слов всплывают латынь, испанский, французский и многие другие. Удачи!

Поделюсь еще одним маленьким личным достижением. Гигант мысли и повелитель клавиатуры @vas3k_channel запустил Infomate — личную RSS-ленту по разным тематикам. В чем соль: если вы интересуетесь технологиями, блокчейном или маркетингом, то теперь есть одностраничные подборки, где собраны главные медиа, блоги, сабреддиты и ютуб-каналы по этим темам. Подборки обновляются раз в час, поэтому не нужно открывать десять сайтов, теперь достаточно одной страницы. Я решила немного выделиться на фоне технарей и айтишников и собрала свою подборку по лингвистике. Помимо классных подкастов, комиксов и серьезных изданий (передаю привет @sysblok!) там есть телеграм-каналы коллег @lingvojokes, @glazslov, @lin…

Владислав Демьянов ведёт параллельный русско- и украиноязычный канал о переводе и локализации. Нашла там советы Нетфликса по субтитрам, дубляжу и адаптации аудио- и видеоконтента. Будет хорошим подспорьем для всех, кто увлекается переводом сериалов и фильмов. @translation_localization

@pereklad_lokalizatsiya

❤️ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktidpf8Cx0I

Ксенолингвистика — не очень точная наука, которая готовит нас ко встрече с Чужими. Почему стоит слать сообщения в космос, кто лучше всех справится с инопланетянами и как самому стать пришельцем? https://knife.media/speaking-with-aliens/

Поделюсь с вами важной для себя статьей, где я наконец-то смогла свести две большие любви: лингвистику и космос. Статья большого успеха не имела, в комментариях прекрасно писали «нахера нам знать это неприменимое к жизни фуфло» (орфография авторская). Не буду спойлерить фильм «Прибытие», только скажу, что можно и с инопланетянами пообщаться, и личную жизнь устроить. Да и вообще, может Чужой на самом деле милашка, надо было с ним просто поговорить нормально, а не орать сразу.

На выходе может получиться такая красота

Генератор искусственных языков бесплатно создаёт глоссарий из 200 слов, в платной версии - из 4000. Есть возможность устанавливать свои правила, выбирать нужные фонемы, орфографию и грамматику и сверяться с подробной таблицей IPA.

Пропустила в то время, спасибо @usywilly за открытие

http://lurkmore.to/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9

twitter.com/ohhiiana/status/1310292916154380288

Пиксельные портреты рок-звезд на панельках, новые работы Zoom и Бэнкси, калининградская серия Kant is watching you — на несправедливо маленьком канале «Пока не закрасили» @streetart_locations девушка Лена собирает клевый свежайший стрит-арт (по возможности с указанием автора, города и точного адреса!) и вообще новости из мира граффити, муралов и прочего городского искусства: https://t.me/streetart_locations #реклама

twitter.com/vlad_dfe/status/1310159095345934336

от @ii132

подборка от @Z1Z8S0b

Мне очень нравится, как язык всегда сам начинает наматываться на существующую реальность. Вот, скажем, Путин потихоньку из имени собственного становится нарицательным и склоняется как нарицательный. Зарином, героином, Путином

Подкаст новосибирской журналистки Риты Логиновой (вы могли видеть ее в выпуске Дудя про ВИЧ). Ссылки на все платформы есть в её посте:

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=3338783146168893&id=100001117224394&ref=bookmarks

от @relias_fabre

Хорошее название?

twitter.com/fat_belfegor/status/1309400676422877185

О мультфильме пермской телестудии «Как Ваня жену выбирал»: "В целом фильм одобрили, но цензорам категорически не понравилась полка в доме Бабы-Яги, точнее, бутыль на ней с наклейкой «Бабий яд». Оказалось, здесь увидели прямую ассоциацию и насмешку над Бабьим Яром — это место на Украине, где немецкие войска массово казнили гражданское население во время Второй Мировой войны. Эти кадры пересняли, а в конечный вариант мультфильма вошла надпись «Бабий дар»". https://59.ru/text/entertainment/69476829/

Нижний Новгород

twitter.com/rockamark/status/1308770751407849474

«Дододошный период истории Маврикия — когда на нем еще не обитала птица дронт, он же додо. Сегодня мы, к сожалению, живем в постдодошном периоде». Источник: https://t.me/nonstopfiction/1307

​​Этих ребят не остановить! С-Е-Г-О-Д-Н-Я в 10:30 начнется трансляция лучшей конференции для журналистов МЕДИАЗАВТРА — событие, которое нельзя пропустить, даже если ты в домике. 15 топовых медиаэкспертов в прямом эфире расскажут, как создавать успешные проекты, которые любит аудитория, как использовать тренды во благо себе и изданиям и что такое независимая журналистика в новом мире. В гостях: ⭐️ Владимир Познер, журналист и телеведущий

⭐️ Алексей Пивоваров, журналист, создатель YouTube-канала «Редакция»

⭐️ Лика Кремер, сооснователь студии подкастов «Либо/либо»

⭐️ Максим Ильяхов, редактор И другие замечательные люди, о которых вы узнаете совсем скоро! Подписывайся на канал МЕДИАЗАВТРА и лов…

БОЛГАРСКИЙ ОТВЕТ Хрестоматийна история о том, как Лермонтов, перелагая стихотворение Гейне «Ein Fichtenbaum steht einsam», передал немецкое существительное мужского рода Fichtenbaum словом женского рода «сосна» (у других переводчиков — «кедр» и даже «дуб») и немецкая любовная тоска Fichtenbaum’а-мужчины по далекой пальме-женщине превратилась в русское «На севере диком...» — в текст то ли о лесбийской любви, то ли вообще не о любви, а о «прекраснодушных мечтах» (Л. В. Щерба). Филологи отметили такой ироничный парафраз этой переводческой игры с грамматическим родом. В переводе лермонтовского стихотворения «Утёс» на болгарский язык, выполненном Пенчо Славейковым, «утёс-великан» вынужденно пере…

ГУЛЯЩИЙ ПОСОЛ Для слова «шляться» этимология восстанавливает праславянскую форму sьlěti sę, что роднит его со словом «сълати» ‘посылать’. При этом семантически «слать» выступает в отношении «шляться» в качестве каузатива, то есть «слать» = ‘заставлять шляться’, так же как, например, «будить» выступает каузативом в отношении глагола «бдеть» («будить» = ‘заставлять бдеть’). Тем самым важное слово «посол» и грубое слово «шлюха» (от «шляться») этимологически оказываются близки. Но есть и различия. Если шлюха погуливает по доброй воле, то посол к этому действию, так сказать, каузирован. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

РЕВОЛЮЦИИ Уже довольно давно в отечественном официально-патриотическом публицистически-новостном дискурсе слово «революция» перестало употребляться само по себе — только в составе словосочетания «цветная революция». То есть любое народное волнение стало мыслиться как результат вредительской работы неких западных политтехнологов. В связи с этим вспоминается одна древняя история. Когда-то в нескольких языках майя в Мексике слово čih значило 'олень'. После того, как европейские захватчики завезли на континент овец, последних стали называть tunim čih или tušnok' čih 'хлопковый олень'. Со временем овец делалось все больше и больше, к ним привыкли — и отбросили ненужное уточнение; так čih преврат…

КОЕ-ЧТО О БРАТЕ ЛОРЕНЦО Вновь вошедшие в моду отравления заставляют обратиться к театральной классике — их истокам. Брат Лоренцо, одно из главных действующих лиц трагедии Уильяма Шекспира «Ромео и Джульетта», всегда остается немного в тени. Настолько в тени, что даже сам его заявленный в предыдущем предложении статус, может вызвать у неподготовленного читателя удивление. Между тем у нас, кажется, есть веские основания полагать, что гибель обоих влюбленных организована и срежиссирована (разумеется, из лучших побуждений) именно им — тем, кого в исследовательской литературе называют подлинным христианином, мудрым и проницательным. Рассмотрим только факты. 1. Брат Лоренцо, после недолгого жеман…

​​МЫШ ИЛИ МЫШЬ Сказка Льюиса Кэрролла Alice's adventures in Wonderland вышла на английском языке в 1865 году. С тех пор она неоднократно переводилась и перекладывалась на русский. Мы просмотрели следующие переводы: (1) Алиса в стране чудес (перевод Н. Демуровой),

(2) Алиса в стране чудес (перевод Б. Заходера),

(3) Аня в стране чудес (перевод-пересказ В. Набокова),

(4) Приключения Алисы в Стране Чудес (перевод Ю. Нестеренко),

(5) Приключения Алисы в Стране Чудес (перевод Н. Старилова),

(6) Алиса в Стране Чудес (перевод А. Кононенко). Нас интересовал вот какой важный вопрос. В некоторых русских вариантах мышь Соня фигурирует как существо женского рода (1, 2, 4), а в некоторых — как существо м…

​​ЖИВАЯ ЦИФРА Из одного (реального) исследования средней продолжительности жизни, опубликованного в 1835 году. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

АНТЕРЕСНЫЕ СЛОВА Заимствования могут попадать в диалекты по-разному. Первый путь — они могут прийти из языков тех народов, с которыми непосредственно контактируют носители диалекта. Второй путь — они могут прийти из литературного языка, который в свою очередь эти слова заимствовал из каких-либо языков. Во втором случае иноязычные слова, которые нам знакомы из литературного языка, могут подвергаться разнообразным преобразованиям, прежде всего фонетическим. Вот, например, несколько слов, записанных в говорах Среднего Приобья (Томская и Кемеровская области) во время экспедиций 1946 — 1978 гг. Сможете ли вы распознать в них знакомые вам слова литературного языка? Иритетный На́лист Шланг Гиблия Л…

​​НА ИЛИ В Корпусные данные свидетельствуют, что стихийно формирующаяся традиция употребления такова: «на ютуб-канале», но «в телеграм-канале». Кажется, здесь можно видеть признак того, что в случае с двумя этими медиа актуализируются два разных значения слова «канал»: ютуб — 'линия связи, коммуникации', телеграм — 'извилистый сосуд, орган, полость, через которые проходят те или иные вещества'. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

КАК У НАШИХ ПИСАТЕЛЕЙ СЛЕТАЛА ШЛЯПА «Подъезжая к Белеву, сделался мне прелютейший обморок».

(Д. И. Фонвизин) «Подъезжая к Оханску, везде почти поля, и селения очень часты».

(А. Н. Радищев) «Однако же, подъезжая к реке, множество отпряженных телег не оставили в нас никакого сомнения относительно дурного состояния моста».

(П. П. Вяземский) «Подъезжая к Шмелеву, у меня так и забилось сердце».

(И. И. Панаев) «Все это было сделано, подъезжая к деревне».

(А. И. Герцен) «Подъезжая к самому укреплению, открывается зеленая широкая полоса камыша, и кой-где из темной зелени выглядывает серебристая Сырдарья».

(Т. Г. Шевченко) «В аллее, и уже подъезжая к отелю, у ней начали вырываться восклицания…»

(Ф. …

С ЧЕМ ОХОТИТЬСЯ НА ТРОЛЛЕЙ Статья о том, как интернет-тролли быстро выдают себя — вне зависимости от языка, на котором пишут. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0236832

МИССИЯ: ПЕРЕВЕСТИ ТОСКУ «Капитанская дочка», перевод: Marie H. de Zielinska, 1877 Тоска взяла меня; я отошел от окошка и лег спать без ужина…

I turned from the window, seized by BITTER SADNESS, and went to bed without supper…

-------------------------------- «Герой нашего времени», перевод: J. H. Wisdom, Marr Murray, 1916 … и тоска овладела мной; и, тоскуя, просиживал я на утесе целые дни…

… and YEARNING has taken possession of me, in my ANGUISH I have spent whole days on the cliffs…

-------------------------------- «Белые ночи», перевод: Constance Garnett, 1918 С самого утра меня стала мучить какая-то удивительная тоска.

From early morning I had been oppressed by a strange DESPONDENCY. … и…

КАК НЕНАРОКОМ НЕ ВЫДАТЬ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ТАЙНЫ, ЕСЛИ ВЫ ЗАНИМАЕТЕСЬ ФИЛОЛОГИЕЙ 1. Помните, что русский язык является государственным языком Российской Федерации, поэтому сбор и распространение любых сведений о его структуре и функционировании могут быть расценены как государственная измена. 2. Не думайте, что осторожность надо проявлять лишь при изучении синхронного состояния русского языка. История языка способна дать врагам ключи к осмыслению его нынешнего положения. В связи с этим не заблуждайтесь относительно того, будто древнерусский язык может хранить только какие-то древние государственные тайны. 3. Особенно берегитесь исследования диалектного варьирования русского языка. От него руко…

ТВОЕ ЛИЦО «Рот» этимологически связан с «рыть», «рыло»; это то, чем роют. «Губа» этимологически то же, что диал. «губа» ‘гриб’, это такой же нарост на лице, как какой-нибудь гриб на дереве. «Голова» этимологически родственно слову «желвак», это такая твердая шишка на теле. «Глаз» этимологически означает ‘круглый камень’, ‘шар’. И без того трудно смотреть в зеркало, а тут еще эта этимология. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

КОПЬЕНОСЦЫ Слово «фриланс», то есть англ. freelance, буквально «свободный копьеносец», придумал Вальтер Скотт, обозначая им в романе «Айвенго» средневекового воина, свободного от обязательств перед каким-либо сюзереном. В русском переводе вальтер-скоттовское Free Lances передано как «вольная дружина». Переносное значение у этого существительного возникло в 1860-е гг., в начале XX века оно было осмыслено как глагол, откуда и freelancer, то есть «фрилансер». Человек с копьем и в русском языке оставил следы. Такое изображение было вычеканено на монетах, которые получили название «копейка». Неприятная ассоциация для фрилансеров. Задать вопрос @UchenyjBot

ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ СОННИК Мы получаем много писем с просьбами растолковать значение какого-нибудь лингвистического сна. Следуя пожеланиям читателей, публикуем первую часть лингвистического сонника. Если вам приснился суффикс, ждите визита неприятного человека. Видеть во сне приставку означает пополнение в семье. Если женщина во сне увидела имперфект, значит скоро ее возлюбленный надоест ей. Если приснился Зализняк — встреча со стариком в казенном доме. Интонационная конструкция №4 — скандал в семье. Если вам приснилась фонема , будет спор со столичными жителями, затем совместная безобразная пьянка вплоть до потери человеческого облика. Видеть во сне страдательный залог — наступают трудные врем…

Максим Руссо написал подробную статью об истории присвоения имен циклонам: https://polit.ru/article/2020/09/21/ps_cyclone/

Эксперимент над википедией — как статья о городе влияет на туризм. Удивительных выводов нет, но вдруг вы сомневались в значимости википедии: https://t.me/staroderevenskiy/4107

Не падайте духом, товарищ Ресепшин.

Узнал, что транспортная карта в Сочи называется «Пальма». А в Сан-Франциско транспортная карта называется Clipper в честь парусников (это символически отражено и в их дизайне). В англовики есть список транспортных карт по странам (List of smart cards). Он не очень качественный и явно неполный, но некоторое представление об именовании карт составить можно. В общем, если вы придумываете интересное название, то воздержитесь от слов go, smart, touch. От слова карта/card вы вряд ли куда-то денетесь. Но интересные названия попадаются — и московская Troika по мировым меркам названа очень удачно.

А вот ещё небольшая топонимическая новость. В городе Шэньчжэне (это который рядом с Гонконгом) открыли станцию метро «Хуавэй» (华为). Да, названа в честь коммуникационной компании Huawei, у которой там рядом офис. Так можно.

Узнал, что месяц сентябрь по-турецки называется «эйлюль». Как я понимаю, сирийское происхождение (где-то там от слова «урожай»): https://t.me/TurkMoustache/581

Иногда смотришь на написание слов на каком-нибудь языке (скажем, английском или французском), потом на произношение — и не веришь, что произношение может так сильно уехать незаметным для всех образом. Но послушайте, как американцы (а иногда и британцы) произносят сейчас слово people. Очень часто это не «пипл», а «пхипл». И никто не замечает.

Ну наконец-то: https://meduza.io/feature/2020/08/08/belorussiya-ili-belarus

Как минимум, пара десятков сообщений по Ctrl+Enter на сочетании «на Украине» — мои.

https://meduza.io/feature/2020/08/06/iz-za-microsoft-excel-uchenym-prishlos-pereimenovat-27-chelovecheskih-genov-programma-putala-ih-nazvaniya-s-datami

В русском языке большая транспортная станция называется «вокзал» в честь английской станции Vauxhall. А в современном эстонском языке станция называется jaam в честь древнерусского слова «ям». Откройте, например, карту Таллинна, и там по-русски будет написано «Балтийский вокзал» и рядом по-эстонски Balti jaam. На самом деле, слово «ям» не исконно русское, а чуть ли не монгольское (систему ямов ввели при монголо-татарах).

В Новой Шотландии в Канаде есть место с такими улицами: This Street, That Street, The Other Street: https://twitter.com/qikipedia/status/1287281499914600450

Партизанское переименование улицы в Берлине: https://twitter.com/dw_russian/status/1284850060023476224

У компании Reebok имеется отдельный бренд Weebok для маленьких детей — потому что они "r" не выговаривают

#sözler #слова Всё знают, что Средиземное море турки называют Ак Дениз (Ak Deniz), что означает Белое море. А российское Белое море называется в Турции -Beyaz Deniz. И переводится как Белое море. Вот вам и 50 оттенков белого :)

Ещё в португальском (старосветском) Paris звучит примерно так же

https://i.imgur.com/nc51lzZ.png

Всем, кто изучает русский как иностранный, известно, что там совершенно безумные глаголы движения. Как правильно: «ты ходила в магазин?», «ты сходила в магазин?», «ты пошла в магазин?» или «ты шла в магазин?» В японском языке у глаголов движения тоже есть занятные особенности: они делятся на «идти от ментального якоря» или «идти к ментальному якорю». Смысл фразы «мы приехали в Индию» можно выразить двумя способами:

1. インドに行った индо ни итта — если мы сейчас не в Индии

2. インドに来た индо ни кита — если мы сейчас там Из глагола 来る куру («приезжать, возвращаться») и места назначения можно также делать существительные:

来日 райнити — приехать в Японию

Слово «райнити» мож…

(2/2)

Результаты экзаменов, тестов и экспериментов показывают, что достижение носительского уровня возможно, хотя большинство изучающих его не достигает. Почему? По разным причинам. Не все стремятся имитировать L1, для многих иностранный язык это хобби, другие учат его из практических целей (чтобы читать или смотреть на нём медиа), и тратить избыточное количество сил на изучение им может быть банально лень. С научной точки зрения известно, что для достижения носительского уровня необходимо два связанных компонента: мотивация и практика. И это же объясняет, почему дети «хорошо» учат языки. Взрослые люди, даже если они приехали на новое постоянное место жительства, имеют сложившийся круг обще…

Если вы когда-нибудь изучали какой-нибудь неродной вам язык, особенно во взрослом возрасте, то наверняка слышали нечто подобное:

* уровень носителя для взрослых недостижим, его могут достичь только дети

* сколько ни занимайся, вы не сможете говорить как шотландка. Иностранный акцент — это навсегда

* писать как пакистанец вы никогда не будете Важно отдавать себе отчёт в том, что все эти заявления отталкиваются от идеи «носительского» как «идеального» или «желанного», что не обязательно верно, но сегодняшний текст не об этом. Возможно ли достичь носительского уровня в неродном языке?

Здесь и далее для обозначения родных языков будет использоваться сокращение L1, которое значит «языки, усвоенн…

https://shtyrbu.name/all/navigaciya/ Блог переводчика с объяснениями разного рода несовпадений русского и английского. Например: Winston’s diaphragm was constricted. (Оруэлл)

Диафрагма Уинстона была сжата. (досл. пер.)

Уинстону стало трудно дышать. (в пер. Голышева) Hearing a single word could completely change a man’s entire life... (в пер. Бромфилда)

Одно услышанное слово могло полностью изменить всю жизнь человека... (Пелевин) In the course of the 20th century, Greece saw a lot of internal conflict. (The Economist)

В течение 20-го века в Греции неоднократно происходили внутренние конфликты. Можно использовать для улучшения переводческого навыка или как путеводитель по необычным для русск…

Столько лет жила и не знала, что у оленей бывает примерно четырехнедельный период в году, который называется... Собственно, потому, наверное, и не знала, что по-русски толком он никак не называется. То "гон", то "рёв". Из второго еще хоть как-то понятно, о чем речь, а из первого для обывателя ничего не ясно. А по-польски есть отличное слово "rykowisko" (ryk - рёв). К тому же, рифмуется со словом "widowisko" - "зрелище". Ну, теперь вы тоже знаете. И это rykowisko начинается как раз в эти дни. Говорят, очень захватывающее это явление, и много где в Польше можно на него посмотреть. У Лины Старостиной есть стихи как раз про rykowisko. * * * озёра дремлют в сытости туманной

лес изморозью выстеле…

Всем привет! Как некоторые из вас знают, в рабочее от свободы время я уже года 3 преподаю польский язык (русский как иностранный тоже, но всё меньше). С середины сентября готова взять еще несколько учеников. Я создала авторский курс из нескольких занятий по постановке прозношения (отзывы о курсе - в скриншотах по ссылке ниже), но и обычные, назовём их так, занятия, в том числе и с нуля, тоже предлагаю. Заниматься можно онлайн в любом удобном мессенджере с видеосвязью - FB, WhatsApp, Zoom. Мне очень интересны увлеченные и целеустремленные ученики, потому как и я тогда работаю веселее и продуктивнее 😊 Репост и рекомендации всячески приветствуются. А в качестве бонуса по ссылке на ютюб - перво…

Хотела вечерок попереводить не отрываясь, но тут увидела у Вики в канале "Много свиста от лингвиста" перепост лингвистического сонника из "Глазария языка", ну там, например: • Если вам приснился суффикс, ждите визита неприятного человека.

• Видеть во сне приставку означает пополнение в семье.

• Если женщина во сне увидела имперфект, значит скоро ее возлюбленный надоест ей.

• Если приснился Зализняк — встреча со стариком в казенном доме.

• Интонационная конструкция №4 — скандал в семье.

• Если вам приснилась фонема , будет спор со столичными жителями, затем совместная безобразная пьянка вплоть до потери человеческого облика.

• Видеть во сне страдательный залог — наступают трудные времена, во…

((в день русского языка - о языках других; совпадение тем случайно!)) Если думать о языках как о людях, то вот что получается. На французский я смотрю как на симпатичного молодого человека (да, однозначно, это мальчик), с которым будто бы флиртую - не потому, что французский принято считать языком всяческих амуров, просто так получается. "Будешь, чертяга, моим", - говорю ему, и постоянно хочу понравиться своей речью (в разговорах с своей француженкой, например, на уроках раз в неделю; но понравиться хочу не учительнице, а самому языку, используя какие-нибудь красивые обороты; язык для языка, красота - для языка, подарок с волнением - придётся ли по вкусу?), так что мы с французским определе…

Подборка из архива журнала "Практики и интерпретации" - ко Дню филолога: Сергей Зенкин о проблемах перевода (а еще - о “французских пробелах” в русской культуре, “эффекте Барта“ и воротничке кардигана): http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/38 Георгий Хазагеров о риторике, грядущей "эре метонимии" и необходимости "быстрого недопонимания": http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/19 Евгений Яблоков о параллельных мотивах, антидвойниках у Булгакова, протеичности героев Платонова и истоках «общества постправды». http://www.pi-journal.com/index.php/pii/article/view/75 Борис Гаспаров о "шуме времени", своей музыкальной биографии, терапевтической силе незнакомого языка,…

Таким был мой 2019-й Разбила список на блоки, чтобы было проще ориентироваться. Переводы, лингвистика • Короткометражка про переводчиков-синхронистов, которую номинировали на Оскар

• Ссылка на ролик о том, как делать доклад, если вас синхронно переводят.

• Как устроена профессия переводчика (Т—Ж)

• О серьезных отличиях перевода человеком от исправленного машинного перевода

• Увлекательное литературное расследование Юлии Лысовой о том, кто превратил классику латиноамериканского романа в трэш и откуда в русском языке взялось слово "фазенда"

• OK в чате = пассивная агрессивная? _____________________________ • Проект «Недостающие письменности»

• Онлайн-сокровищница материалов для изучения древн…

Пока есть канал "Много свиста от лингвиста", а в нём - ссылки на всякое интересное языковое, любой карантин может себе спокойно длиться, я считаю.

Вот, казалось бы, уже десять лет живу с польским языком, уже всего секреты и изподвыверты знакомы. Как тут - прямо к юбилею наших взаимоотношений - подоспело слово, которое мне раньше не попадалось, да к тому же из серии false friends. Ну уж там-то, казалось бы, чего? А там - stroiciel. Только он совсем не строитель, а настройщик пианино (пока не нашла, бывает ли "строичель" других инструментов). И ведь логично, если stroić - настраивать. Теперь понятно, через какое слово проще будет объяснять полякам русский глагол "расстраиваться", который всегда нелегко перевести, спасает только контекст.

Привет, дорогие остающиеся тут подписчики. Пока я собираюсь с мыслями и размышляю, вести ли канал, занимаясь другими своими делами, некоторые время даром не теряют. Среди читающих "Лингваренье" есть много тех, кто интересуется польским языком (или уже его знает) и Польшей вообще. Так вот как раз для вас сегодня моя рекомендация - канал "-ов среди - skich" - ссылка тут: @rusopol

Гоша, - спрашиваю я автора канала, - как же описать его в двух словах? "Напиши: эмигрант с бэкграундом в социальной антропологии, бизнесе и общественной деятельности) рефлексирует на тему своего места в Польше и в жизни". Но я еще пока немного порефлексирую на тему лингваренья, а пока давайте почитаем, что в этой Пол…

Довольно часто я говорю сама себе: упрощай, не городи, бритва Оккама не просто так существует, хватит придумывать варианты и нагромождать мысли. Про это "упрощай" у меня есть история: как-то раз я выгуливала сербскую туристку, мы зашли в кафе, и мне зачем-то понадобилось слово "брусника".

Вообще не помнила, как оно переводится. Я начала рассказывать, мол, это красная ягода, растет на болоте, кислая, из нее делают варенье... Милица меня не понимала. В конце я сдалась и такая: "блять, ну брусника!

И Милица такая: "аааа! Брусница!"

На днях читала про всяких мифических зверушек и наткнулась на исландское мимими - Йольского Кота. Этот пушистый огромный няшка развлекается тем, что нападет и съедает тех людей, которые не купили и не надели новую (шерстяную) одежду перед Рождеством. О тех, кто таки не обновил гардероб, говорят "hann fór í jólaköttinn", то есть "Он надел на себя рождественского кота" (навлек на себя проблемы)